Foreign Policy (Italy/France)

Question 1

Reasons for the rivalry between France and Spain?

Answer 1

• personal rivalry between Charles and Francis
• anger over HRE appointment
• France surrounded by Habsburg territories
• Francis’ claim to Naples which was under Charles’s control
• Charles desire for Milan which was under French control
• Charles’s wish to reclaim Burgundy from the French

Question 2

Why was Milan important to Charles?

Answer 2

• enabled communication between Naples and HRE lands
• aided communications between Spain and Habsburg lands in Austria

Question 3

Treaty of Noyon

Answer 3

1516 - french renounce claims to naples and receive duchy of milan in exchange

Question 4

What did the French capitalise on to enter Navarre?

Answer 4

Communeros revolt

Question 5

How did Gattinara’s policy differ from his predecessor Chievres de Croy’s?

Answer 5

Croy wanted a more peaceful approach to relations with France but Gattinara believed French influence had to be removed from Italy.

Question 6

What was an arquebuse?

Answer 6

An early musket

Question 7

What happened in Navarre in 1521?

Answer 7

French attacked Navarre exploiting the communeros revolt however they had attacked as the revolt was dwindling so ended up being defeated by the Spanish.

Question 8

What area did Francis successfully capture during his invasion of Navarre?

Answer 8

Pamplona

Question 9

How many Frenchmen were killed at Navarre in 1521?

Answer 9

6000

Question 10

Treaty of Windsor

Answer 10

1522 - England and Spain agreed to carry out a joint campaign on France. Charles most likely knew this would be a futile attempt but was aware England would prove to be a useful ally.

Question 11

When were tercios introduced to the army?

Answer 11

1534

Question 12

What were pikes?

Answer 12

Spear-like weapons

Question 13

What area did Francis successfully capture during his invasion of Navarre?

Answer 13

Pamplona

Question 14

Battle of Pavia

Answer 14

Feb 1525 - Spanish defeated French outside Milan under the command of Lannoy and Francis was taken captive

Question 15

Treaty of Madrid

Answer 15

1526 - Francis renounced claims to Italy and Flanders and handed over Burgundy to HRE, although no firm measures were taken to ensure he kept to his word and he renounced his word when he returned to France (despite his two sons being held hostage in Spain)

Question 16

When was the League of Cognac formed? Who were the members?

Answer 16

1526 - the pope, France, England and some Italian states

Question 17

When did Spain march on Rome? Who was killed? What was the impact of this?

Answer 17

1527 - Spanish commander Bourbon didn’t survive. The army then sacked Rome, inspiring fear among Christian states around Europe. Charles attempted to find scapegoats, blaming France and even the Pope for what had happened

Question 18

Peace of Cambrai

Answer 18

1529 - signed after French defeat at Landriano. Charles gave up claims to Burgundy and in exchange the French gave up Naples, Artois, Flanders and Milan therefore securing Habsburg control in Italy. Charles also got 7 years of peace with France.

Question 19

When did the French invade the duchy of Savoy?

Answer 19

1536

Question 20

When were the French defeated in Savoy?

Answer 20

1538 - Charles left with huge debt

Question 21

What happened in 1542?

Answer 21

• French army of 40 000 attack Spain’s northern frontier
• resistance in Perpignan slowed them and Alba brought reinforcements of 2000 soldiers who were veterans from the African campaign

Question 22

Battle of Marignano

Answer 22

1516 - Milan lost to France

Question 23

When did Charles reconquer Milan?

Answer 23

1524

Question 24

Was foreign policy in Europe successful?

Answer 24

• in a political sense yes as they expanded territories and regained lost land (although they never reconquered burgundy, something which had likely been drilled into Charles from a young age by his Dutch tutor)
• it did leave him in large amounts of debt though