Religion (Christianity)

Question 1

Who were the illuminists?

Answer 1

Also referred to as alumbrados, they practised a mystical form of Christianity. Linked with Lutheranism and believed in direct communion with god through ecstasy.

Question 2

Who were erasmists?

Answer 2

Followed the doctrine of Erasmus and promoted the idea of a reformed church.

Question 3

When did Luther publish his theses?

Answer 3

1517

Question 4

When were Lutheran publications banned in Spain?

Answer 4

1521

Question 5

When was the Erasmiun movement established?

Answer 5

1522-25

Question 6

When and by who was the polygot bible published?

Answer 6

Commissioned by Cisneros, it was completed in 1517 and then published in 1522.

Question 7

What did the 1523 papal bull do?

Answer 7

Empowered Charles to appoint every major ecclesiastical office in Spain.

Question 8

When was an edict published condemning illuminist teachings?

Answer 8

September 1525

Question 9

When did the inquisition begin to target alumbrados?

Answer 9

1525

Question 10

Who was jailed in 1527 for suspected illuminist teachings?

Answer 10

Ignatius of Loyola

Question 11

When did Cisneros invite Erasmus to Spain?

Answer 11

1516

Question 12

When did the Inquisition begin to target Erasmists?

Answer 12

Late 1520s

Question 13

When was Gonsalvo al Pintor executed and why?

Answer 13

Executed in 1523, in Madrin, for adhering to Lutheran ideas.

Question 14

What was the Handbook of a Christian Soldier and when was it published?

Answer 14

First published in 1501 and again in Castilian in 1526, the thesis by Erasmus was an appeal on Christians to act in accordance with the Christian faith rather than merely performing the necessary rites,

Question 15

Who was arrested in 1529 for being Erasmian sympathisers?

Answer 15

Francisa Hernandez and Bernardino de Tovar. The latter’s arrest by the Court of the Holy Office marked the beginning of the persecution against the Spanish Erasmians.

Question 16

When did Spanish troops sack Rome? Who was the pope at the time?

Answer 16

6 May 1527 - relations with Pope Clement VII worsened.

Question 17

When and why was Roderigo Manrique expelled?

Answer 17

1529 - he was in correspondence with Vives and Erasmus

Question 18

When and why did Inquisitor General Alonso Manrique fall from favour?

Answer 18

1529, for adhering to Erasmiun teachings.

Question 19

When and by whom was the Inquisition launched in the Netherlands?

Answer 19

1522 - Granvelle

Question 20

Who became Pope in 1522? When did he die?

Answer 20

Adrien of Utrecht, although he died a year later in 1523. His appointment was strongly backed by HRE Charles V so he had an ally in the papacy.

Question 21

When did Cisneros die?

Answer 21

1517

Question 22

What was Christian Humanism?

Answer 22

Involved self betterment and fulfilment. Seen through the opening of the University of Alcala; combined religion with academic study and wanted more people to be able to read and interpret bible messages for themselves.

Question 23

Who was Charles’ chaplain and when and why was he arrested?

Answer 23

Alonso de Virues was arrested in 1533 for being an Erasmiun.

Question 24

How many cases of Lutherism were there by 1556?

Answer 24

105, 66 of which were foreigners.

Question 25

Who was Vives?

Answer 25

A Spanish humanist

Question 26

When did Charles write to Erasmus and what did he say?

Answer 26

1527 - said he would always hold him in the highest regard

Question 27

Between what years were the writings of Erasmus best sellers?

Answer 27

1522 and 1529

Question 28

How did Charles’ departure in 1529 impact the humanist movement?

Answer 28

His court between 1522 and 1529 was rife with humanists so when he left and his court travelled with him, many influential supporters of Humanism left too. By the late 1530s, many humanists left on their own accord and their ideas had faded out.

Question 29

Who was arrested in 1533 for being a suspected Erasmiun?

Answer 29

Cisnero/Fonseca’s secretary Vergara

Question 30

When did Charles write to Erasmus and what did he say?

Answer 30

1527 - said he would always hold him in the highest regard

Question 31

Who was jailed in 1537 for being an Erasmiun?

Answer 31

Chancellor of Alcala university, Pedro de Lerma

Question 32

When was the edict of errors issued and by who? What did this do?

Answer 32

Alonso Manrique in 1525 - made alumbrados a heretical group

Question 33

What were the Jesuits and who founded them?

Answer 33

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola they were a apostolic religious group who placed emphasis on education, missionary work, and social justice.

Question 34

When did Alonso Manrique die? What did this mean?

Answer 34

1538 - the only remaining significant Erasmiun influence had now gone.

Question 35

When and why was John of Avila arrested? When was he released?

Answer 35

Arrested in 1531 for exaggerating the dangers of wealth and with closing the gates of heaven to the rich. He was then released in 1533.

Question 36

How severe a threat was Lutheranism?

Answer 36

There was no internal movement of Lutheranism within Spain and the inquisition targeted any texts and Lutheran beliefs that they could find swiftly and vigorously. By the 1540s, only those who travelled abroad came in direct contact with Lutheranism and the numbers discovered by the inquisition so the threat was not that severe as Charles was able to extinguish it early on.

Question 37

How severe a threat was corruption within the church?

Answer 37

Before 1550, only 37% of clergy interviewed by Torquemada’s inquisition could recite the 4 main prayers - highlighted that they were not as spiritual as they claimed; corruption and lack of morality rife among clergy; attempts were made to reform through the appointment of archbishops like Juan Pardo de Tavera however clergymen continued to act on their own accord.

Question 38

How severe a threat were Alumbrados?

Answer 38

Had support from popular nobles (members of the mendoza family) and views were considered very heretical. However by the 1530s they had been driven underground and no visible group remained, hence why the threat was minimal. Although the possibility of re-emergence. remained

Question 39

Did Charles effectively deal with heresy?

Answer 39

He made vigorous efforts to combat heresy however it remained throughout his reign. He perhaps overestimated the threat as many unorthodox and heretical ideas faded out naturally - or perhaps because of the vigour of his policies? His policies weren’t effective in the long term, however, due to the number of Lutherans found after his reign.

Question 40

When did the Council of Trent first meet?

Answer 40

1545