Religion (Christianity) Flashcards
Who were the illuminists?
Also referred to as alumbrados, they practised a mystical form of Christianity. Linked with Lutheranism and believed in direct communion with god through ecstasy.
Who were erasmists?
Followed the doctrine of Erasmus and promoted the idea of a reformed church.
When did Luther publish his theses?
1517
When were Lutheran publications banned in Spain?
1521
When was the Erasmiun movement established?
1522-25
When and by who was the polygot bible published?
Commissioned by Cisneros, it was completed in 1517 and then published in 1522.
What did the 1523 papal bull do?
Empowered Charles to appoint every major ecclesiastical office in Spain.
When was an edict published condemning illuminist teachings?
September 1525
When did the inquisition begin to target alumbrados?
1525
Who was jailed in 1527 for suspected illuminist teachings?
Ignatius of Loyola
When did Cisneros invite Erasmus to Spain?
1516
When did the Inquisition begin to target Erasmists?
Late 1520s
When was Gonsalvo al Pintor executed and why?
Executed in 1523, in Madrin, for adhering to Lutheran ideas.
What was the Handbook of a Christian Soldier and when was it published?
First published in 1501 and again in Castilian in 1526, the thesis by Erasmus was an appeal on Christians to act in accordance with the Christian faith rather than merely performing the necessary rites,
Who was arrested in 1529 for being Erasmian sympathisers?
Francisa Hernandez and Bernardino de Tovar. The latter’s arrest by the Court of the Holy Office marked the beginning of the persecution against the Spanish Erasmians.
When did Spanish troops sack Rome? Who was the pope at the time?
6 May 1527 - relations with Pope Clement VII worsened.
When and why was Roderigo Manrique expelled?
1529 - he was in correspondence with Vives and Erasmus
When and why did Inquisitor General Alonso Manrique fall from favour?
1529, for adhering to Erasmiun teachings.
When and by whom was the Inquisition launched in the Netherlands?
1522 - Granvelle
Who became Pope in 1522? When did he die?
Adrien of Utrecht, although he died a year later in 1523. His appointment was strongly backed by HRE Charles V so he had an ally in the papacy.
When did Cisneros die?
1517
What was Christian Humanism?
Involved self betterment and fulfilment. Seen through the opening of the University of Alcala; combined religion with academic study and wanted more people to be able to read and interpret bible messages for themselves.
Who was Charles’ chaplain and when and why was he arrested?
Alonso de Virues was arrested in 1533 for being an Erasmiun.
How many cases of Lutherism were there by 1556?
105, 66 of which were foreigners.
Who was Vives?
A Spanish humanist
When did Charles write to Erasmus and what did he say?
1527 - said he would always hold him in the highest regard
Between what years were the writings of Erasmus best sellers?
1522 and 1529
How did Charles’ departure in 1529 impact the humanist movement?
His court between 1522 and 1529 was rife with humanists so when he left and his court travelled with him, many influential supporters of Humanism left too. By the late 1530s, many humanists left on their own accord and their ideas had faded out.
Who was arrested in 1533 for being a suspected Erasmiun?
Cisnero/Fonseca’s secretary Vergara
When did Charles write to Erasmus and what did he say?
1527 - said he would always hold him in the highest regard
Who was jailed in 1537 for being an Erasmiun?
Chancellor of Alcala university, Pedro de Lerma
When was the edict of errors issued and by who? What did this do?
Alonso Manrique in 1525 - made alumbrados a heretical group
What were the Jesuits and who founded them?
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola they were a apostolic religious group who placed emphasis on education, missionary work, and social justice.
When did Alonso Manrique die? What did this mean?
1538 - the only remaining significant Erasmiun influence had now gone.
When and why was John of Avila arrested? When was he released?
Arrested in 1531 for exaggerating the dangers of wealth and with closing the gates of heaven to the rich. He was then released in 1533.
How severe a threat was Lutheranism?
There was no internal movement of Lutheranism within Spain and the inquisition targeted any texts and Lutheran beliefs that they could find swiftly and vigorously. By the 1540s, only those who travelled abroad came in direct contact with Lutheranism and the numbers discovered by the inquisition so the threat was not that severe as Charles was able to extinguish it early on.
How severe a threat was corruption within the church?
Before 1550, only 37% of clergy interviewed by Torquemada’s inquisition could recite the 4 main prayers - highlighted that they were not as spiritual as they claimed; corruption and lack of morality rife among clergy; attempts were made to reform through the appointment of archbishops like Juan Pardo de Tavera however clergymen continued to act on their own accord.
How severe a threat were Alumbrados?
Had support from popular nobles (members of the mendoza family) and views were considered very heretical. However by the 1530s they had been driven underground and no visible group remained, hence why the threat was minimal. Although the possibility of re-emergence. remained
Did Charles effectively deal with heresy?
He made vigorous efforts to combat heresy however it remained throughout his reign. He perhaps overestimated the threat as many unorthodox and heretical ideas faded out naturally - or perhaps because of the vigour of his policies? His policies weren’t effective in the long term, however, due to the number of Lutherans found after his reign.
When did the Council of Trent first meet?
1545
