Socialisation Flashcards
Definition of Agents of socialisation
The institutions that socialise us
There are 6
What the different agents of socialisation
Family, peers, education, workplace, religion and mass media
What is Socialisation
It teaches us our norms and values
What are norms
The behaviours which most people engage in
What are values
The belief most people hold
Primary socialisation
The first socialisation experiences
Family
Secondary socialisation
Socialisation experiences from school age onwards
Peers, education, religion, workplace and mass media
What did parsons believe
That the function of the family is to socialise the young
What did Kidd say
That in the post modern world we cannot say what family is
What did Williams find
That parents bought their children stereotypical toys based on their gender
What did chapman find
That most parents give their children stereotypical chores to do
What did Dennis and Erdos find
That fatherless children were less likely to be successfully socialised into the culture of discipline and compromise so are less likely to be successful parents
How does the family socialise us
Role models - positive and negative sanctions
Affects identity - gender roles
How do peer groups socialise us
Shared norms and values - role models, cultural comfort zones, peer pressure
Gender socialisation
Swell case study (peer socialisation)
Used the concept of cultural comfort zones to describe how peer groups form around shared identities, we seek out people who we perceive as like us
Shelton and Francis (peer socialisation)
Certain areas of the playground is where a social group. ‘ group areas ‘
Bennett
Middle-aged punks still shared interests and had group cohesion from younger days
McRobbie and Garber (peer socialisation- gender socialisation)
(Feminists -could cause imposition bias)
Bedroom culture of teenage girls. Content analysis of ‘jackie’ magazine interviews with girls who attend youth clubs
Jackie was very stereotypical
Phoenix (peer socialisation)
Boys who work hard are seen as more feminine by peers
Blackman (peer socialisation)
Who did he study
What type of study did he do
What kind of affect may occur by doing this type of study
He studied the new wave girls by joining in their activities he found they resisted masculine control and did not conform to the usual norms of femininity
Overt study - when they know they are being studied
Hawthorne effect - may modify their behaviour because they are being observed
Overt study - when they …
know they are being studied
Hawthorne effect - may modify their…
behaviour because they are being observed
Covert study is when they …
Don’t know they are being studied
How does the media socialise us
Representation of social groups
Creates a consumer culture
Media violence
A contemporary example of media usage
South Korea
The government ruled that under 19s who buy smartphones must have a monitoring app
How can media violence be portrayed
Copycat
Desensitisation
How does religion act as an agent of socialisation
Rules and moral codes
Figure authority
Closely linked to gender socialisation
Alpert believe religion serves 4 basic functions what are they
Discipline
Authority
Collective ceremonies
Cohesion
What is discipline (religious socialisation)
Moral rules and codes which …
Create a commitment and an understanding of an individuals place in society
Authority (religious socialisation)
When people follow a ‘god’ they submit …
To a higher authority this teaches them about observing authority in society in general
Collective ceremonies (religious socialisation) Common ...
Values are religious
Cohesions (religious socialisation)
Reinforcing social…
Solidarity brings people together
Weber - sects and cults are normally established by a
Charismatic leader
Sects in particular have very…
Strict guidelines the followers have to abide by
Eg. Jehovah witnesses not allowed to get blood transfusions
Holm and Bowler
In all major world religions women are usually …
Subordinate
Early form of feminism is nuns in the Catholic Church
Muslim priority goes to men when the mosque is full
Miller and Hoffman
Men are religious that women because men are more likely to be
Irresponsible and risk takers as not following a religion is seen as risk taking
Secularisation- some sociologists believe religion …
Is declining in importance in today’s society
Bruce
Attendance at traditional…
Church services has been declining
Modood
67% of middle easterns view religion as important compared to 5 % of white British population so Muslim Hindus and Sikhs May ….
Regard religion as having a very important influence on their norms and values
Also it’s not happening all over as other ethnicities take religion seriously
How does education socialise us
Through the …
Formal curriculum
Hidden curriculum
A study of formal curriculum
Hatcher said that the education system in the UK doesn’t
Encourage working class success, the experience of working and middle class children is very different It is more academic than vocational
Study (formal curriculum)- Troya and Williams
Describe the curriculum in …
British schools is ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language
Study (hidden curriculum) Willis
Conducted ‘learning to labour’ …
He studied working class and found that didn’t really deem education as important due to their culture so they didn’t get any qualifications so were subjected to manual labour Can’t break out their class
Mac and Gail
Indetifies a number …
Of subcultures
Eg macho lad
Academic achievers etc
Perspective of the Hidden Curriculum
Bowles and Gints
The education system brainwashes…
Children through the hidden curriculum into obedience and unquestioning attitude neeeded for work
Study (Hidden curriculum)Rosenthal and Jacobsen -
They identified a number of spurters, they concluded that …
The progress was due to the way they had been defined it resulted in a self fulfilling prophecy
How does the workplace socialise us
Role models, imitation and pressure
Identity formation (gender, ethnicity, class)
A study (of role models imitation and pressure) Ward and Winstanley - Studied the process of how workers ‘came out’ in
Different types of organisation
Fire and police station it was done through interpersonal chat - shows how organisations socialise us through their workforce into sharing their identity with their own
Study (of role models imitation pressure)
Salaman - In order to achieve the maximum amount of profit employers need
To control their labour force to make them as productive as possible
Study (of role models imitation and pressure)
Waddington - Used the concept of the ‘canteen culture’ to describe the set of norms and values that people who
Work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept so that certain language behaviour and attitudes become the norm
A study (of Identity formation - gender class ethnicity ) Modood - some workplaces are ethically diverse
But some are dominated by certain ethnic groups
A study (of Identity formation - gender class ethnicity ) Mac and Gail - crisis of
Masculinity as women’s take on traditionally male jobs
A study (of Identity formation - gender class ethnicity ) Song - many Chinese
Are employed in the catering industry
A study (of Identity formation - gender class ethnicity ) Savage - woke is linked to class
Working class have more practical jobs, doctors are more likely to be from middle class
What is Nature
Behaviour caused by biological factors eg. Genes
What is nurture
Behaviour caused by environmental factors eg. Socialisation
Formal social control
Written rules or codes of conduct normally associated with the formal events of socialisation
Examples of formal social control
- School norms are so important they are formalised into laws
- Deformation
Formal control studies
Troyna and Williams (hidden curriculum)
Holm and bowker (religion)
Alpert (religion)
Informal social control
Expectations without written rules normally associated with family peers and the media, they enforce norms
An example of informal social control
Curfew
How you are expected to behave
Agencies of informal social control
Family peers media religion education workplace
Studies of informal social control
Skelton and Francis (peers)
Savage(workplace - identity formation)
Chapman (family)
Formal agencies
Police, governments, courts
Religion, workplace, education
