Gender Inequality Flashcards
Gender inequality
3 ways women face inequality in the workplace
Gender pay gap
Hard to get a job for women
Women less likely to get promoted
Gender pay gap
Gender inequality
It may be due to education,job industry, type of position, difference in length of work week
Barren and Norris - dual labour market, primary = secure well paid job good promotion prospect, secondary = low pay poor security and promotion prospects
Getting a job in the first place is more difficult for women
(Gender inequality)
Hakim - horizontal segregation
The under representation or over representation of a given group in occupations or sector, women are over represented in lower payed jobs which contributes to the gender pay gap
Women are less likely to get promoted
Gender inequality
Hakim - vertical segregation
Opportunities for career progression for a particular gender with in a company is limited. ‘Glass ceiling ‘Invisible barrier that blocks women from senior positions or power with in an organisation.
Evaluation of Barren and Norris
1967 - historical bias
Can’t generalise minorities it may not just be gender but also age
Evaluation of Hakim
1979 - historical bias
Quantitative data less depth decreasing validity
Inequality in the media
Inequality trends
Research shows that advertising has only shown women as intelligent in 2% of adverts
Evidence: Gauntlet, mulvey, mcrobbie and garber
Inequality in the home
Inequality trends
In full time 2 parent households, 54% mums are managing children’s schedules compared to 6% of dads
Evidence Seager : asked men and women to keep diaries found men did more paid-work and have more free time and women did more domestic work
Chapman
What areas do men face inequalities
Gender inequality
Education
Health
Work
Family
Male inequalities - education
Gender inequality
Girls do better as they achieve more a* - c grades in GCSE Girls still maintain better GCSE results despite new linear grades (9.5% gap between girls and boys) Boys twice as likely to have special educational needs Working class boys are the largest underachievers in education
Male inequalities - health
Gender inequality
2010 - females are likely to live 4 yrs longer
ONS found that men develop heart disease 10 yrs earlier
Rate of suicide is 3 times more
Also in road traffic accidents
Male inequalities - work
(Gender inequality)
Fact and Study to support
Men work on average 5 more hours a week than women
Benator - men do the least desirable and most dangerous jobs
Male inequalities -family
(Gender inequality)
Study
Warin - found that the majority of families believe that the man should be the breadwinner subsequently men feel pressure to provide for the family
Waves of feminism
4 waves
First wave
1800s - aim to reform social and legal inequalities
Second wave
60s - 70s - focus on personal problems that women face as consequences of the unequal way society is organised - different strands of feminism form
Third wave
90s more diverse and individualistic form of feminism, focuses more individual identity focuses on making changes to traditional ideas about sexuality and gender roles
Fourth wave
Contested concept
Cochrane - stages the 4th wave is defined by technology, using the internet to bring about change
Intersectionality theory
Wally combines aspects of radical and Marxist feminism, recognised complex interplay between gender class sexuality ethnicity and religion on inequality.
What 6 structures restrict women and maintain male dominance according to the intersectionality theory
Paid employment, household,state,cultural institutions eg media, sexuality, violence against women
Different women of different ages face different amounts of of private and public patriarchy as well as the 6 structures
Evaluation of intersectionality
✖️Over emphasising role of social structure
✔️ improvements from other feminist theories as it combines
✔️theory has developed overtime avoids historical bias
Preference theory
Catherine Hakim is critical of other feminist theories that don’t consider the choice of women
3 types of women : home-centred, work-centred ,adaptive
Evaluation of preference theory
Ignored the power of patriarchy to oppress women
Not taking into account that it is often the employers attitudes to women that reinforce inequality
Functionalists perspective on gender inequality
Women and men have different roles based on biological differences and that there roles contribute to the smooth runnings of society. Gender inequality exists as a way to create a division of labour
Study to support functionalist perspective on gender inequality
Parsons and Bales - 1955
Men and women naturally serve different roles, women have expressive caring roles while men have an instrumental practical rol. These innate role contribute to a healthy society
Evaluation of functionalist
Study - historical bias Gender roles may have been socially constructed not based on biological difference Tend to refer to experiences of white middle class people and neglects one social groups