Gender Inequality

Question 1

Gender inequality

3 ways women face inequality in the workplace

Answer 1

Gender pay gap
Hard to get a job for women
Women less likely to get promoted

Question 2

Gender pay gap

Gender inequality

Answer 2

It may be due to education,job industry, type of position, difference in length of work week
Barren and Norris - dual labour market, primary = secure well paid job good promotion prospect, secondary = low pay poor security and promotion prospects

Question 3

Getting a job in the first place is more difficult for women
(Gender inequality)

Answer 3

Hakim - horizontal segregation
The under representation or over representation of a given group in occupations or sector, women are over represented in lower payed jobs which contributes to the gender pay gap

Question 4

Women are less likely to get promoted

Gender inequality

Answer 4

Hakim - vertical segregation
Opportunities for career progression for a particular gender with in a company is limited. ‘Glass ceiling ‘Invisible barrier that blocks women from senior positions or power with in an organisation.

Question 5

Evaluation of Barren and Norris

Answer 5

1967 - historical bias

Can’t generalise minorities it may not just be gender but also age

Question 6

Evaluation of Hakim

Answer 6

1979 - historical bias

Quantitative data less depth decreasing validity

Question 7

Inequality in the media

Inequality trends

Answer 7

Research shows that advertising has only shown women as intelligent in 2% of adverts
Evidence: Gauntlet, mulvey, mcrobbie and garber

Question 8

Inequality in the home

Inequality trends

Answer 8

In full time 2 parent households, 54% mums are managing children’s schedules compared to 6% of dads
Evidence Seager : asked men and women to keep diaries found men did more paid-work and have more free time and women did more domestic work
Chapman

Question 9

What areas do men face inequalities

Gender inequality

Answer 9

Education
Health
Work
Family

Question 10

Male inequalities - education

Gender inequality

Answer 10

Girls do better as they achieve more a* - c grades in GCSE
Girls still maintain better GCSE results despite new linear grades (9.5% gap between girls and boys)
Boys twice as likely to have special educational needs 
Working class boys are the largest underachievers in education

Question 11

Male inequalities - health

Gender inequality

Answer 11

2010 - females are likely to live 4 yrs longer
ONS found that men develop heart disease 10 yrs earlier
Rate of suicide is 3 times more
Also in road traffic accidents

Question 12

Male inequalities - work
(Gender inequality)
Fact and Study to support

Answer 12

Men work on average 5 more hours a week than women

Benator - men do the least desirable and most dangerous jobs

Question 13

Male inequalities -family
(Gender inequality)
Study

Answer 13

Warin - found that the majority of families believe that the man should be the breadwinner subsequently men feel pressure to provide for the family

Question 14

Waves of feminism

Answer 14

4 waves

Question 15

First wave

Answer 15

1800s - aim to reform social and legal inequalities

Question 16

Second wave

Answer 16

60s - 70s - focus on personal problems that women face as consequences of the unequal way society is organised - different strands of feminism form

Question 17

Third wave

Answer 17

90s more diverse and individualistic form of feminism, focuses more individual identity focuses on making changes to traditional ideas about sexuality and gender roles

Question 18

Fourth wave

Answer 18

Contested concept

Cochrane - stages the 4th wave is defined by technology, using the internet to bring about change

Question 19

Intersectionality theory

Answer 19

Wally combines aspects of radical and Marxist feminism, recognised complex interplay between gender class sexuality ethnicity and religion on inequality.

Question 20

What 6 structures restrict women and maintain male dominance according to the intersectionality theory

Answer 20

Paid employment, household,state,cultural institutions eg media, sexuality, violence against women
Different women of different ages face different amounts of of private and public patriarchy as well as the 6 structures

Question 21

Evaluation of intersectionality

Answer 21

✖️Over emphasising role of social structure
✔️ improvements from other feminist theories as it combines
✔️theory has developed overtime avoids historical bias

Question 22

Preference theory

Answer 22

Catherine Hakim is critical of other feminist theories that don’t consider the choice of women
3 types of women : home-centred, work-centred ,adaptive

Question 23

Evaluation of preference theory

Answer 23

Ignored the power of patriarchy to oppress women

Not taking into account that it is often the employers attitudes to women that reinforce inequality

Question 24

Functionalists perspective on gender inequality

Answer 24

Women and men have different roles based on biological differences and that there roles contribute to the smooth runnings of society. Gender inequality exists as a way to create a division of labour

Question 25

Study to support functionalist perspective on gender inequality
Parsons and Bales - 1955

Answer 25

Men and women naturally serve different roles, women have expressive caring roles while men have an instrumental practical rol. These innate role contribute to a healthy society

Question 26

Evaluation of functionalist

Answer 26

Study - historical bias 
Gender roles may have been socially constructed not based on biological difference 
Tend to refer to experiences of white middle class people and neglects one social groups