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Representations Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 representations of women

A

Not shown as much
Traditional role
Sexual objects

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2
Q

Ferguson (1983)

- women in the traditional role

A

Women are represented in the media in traditional roles with a focus on him, home and looking good - pleasing the man (housewife)

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3
Q

Tuchman (1978)

- women not shown as much

A

Suggested a narrowing range of the role for women amounted to their symbolic annihilation

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4
Q

Bristol Fawcett Society

- Women not shown as much

A

30 % of characters on CBeebies in 2008 were female
60:40 ratio male to female speaking roles
Sports coverage varies for men to women

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5
Q

Laura Mulvey

- women as sex objects

A

Male gaze - movies centred around the male gaze, passive female fulfils male fantasies

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6
Q

Contemporary example of women not shown as much to support and contradict

A

✔️ No increase in women’s sports coverage since 2012 (London olympics)
✖️orange is the new black

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7
Q

Contemporary example of women in the traditional role to support and contradict

A

✔️ Cinderella & snow white

✖️ moana, Milan

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8
Q

Contemporary example of women as sex objects to support and contradict

A

✔️ Jessica rabbit

✖️ this girl can campaign

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9
Q

2 representations of men

A

Traditional masculinity

New man

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10
Q

Eastthorpe (1990)

- traditional masculinity

A

Found the myth of traditional masculinity to be evident in Hollywood films and computer games
Eg hulk, the thing, Indiana Jones

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11
Q

Simpson (metrosexual male)

Links to new man

A

Changing view of men, fashion and grooming attracts women

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12
Q

Gauntlet

A

Men still are the lead roles -> superheroes - save women

Suggested that the role is changing but has reached a plateau and hasn’t changed for a decade

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13
Q

Traditional masculinity

A

Miss of men it’s possessing strength competitive spirit and aggression and violence of the basis of biological predisposition

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14
Q

The ‘new man’

A

Able to express emotions, takes an interest in personal grooming and fashion and undertakes new roles within the home and family

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15
Q

Landis (2002)

- representation of old people

A

Confused stereotypes in media identified a number of stereotypes for older people
- Grumpy old man, feisty old woman, sickly old person, mentally deficient, depressed or lonely, having wisdom, busy body, having a second childhood

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16
Q

Contemporary examples of old people

A

Carl from ‘UP’ - grumpy old men
Sheila from neighbours - busybody, feisty old woman
Della Reese - wise, godly, motherly
Stan lee - having second childhood
Grandpa Joe from Charlie and the chocolate factory - sickly old person

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17
Q

Old people shown more positively

Studies such as …

A

Carrigan

Biggs

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18
Q

Carrigan (2001)

- Positive representation of old people

A

Describe the “grey pound “this is the idea of people have money to spend. This led to more positive images of ageing and positive roles for old people

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19
Q

Biggs (1993)

- Positive representation of old people

A

How do you is that there is evidence of changing representations of older people, and they are appearing in a considerable number of soap operas there is a view towards a more active old person

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20
Q

2 key Representation of young people

A

> Vulnerable

> Deviant

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21
Q

How are young people vulnerable

A

Children and young people are portrayed as being vulnerable in the media as there is an increasing media representation of children as consumers
Children or a Portrait is more effective use this on consumers of the media than adults e.g. Schoppee from high school musical being advertised

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22
Q

Katherine Heintz-Knowles 2002
- young people as vulnerable
Examined children entertainment programmes portraying child characters

A

They are often in peer or romance relationship, they never show children understanding important issues
Commercial broadcasts - show children engaging in anti-social behaviours and getting positive results (vicarious reinforcement)
Ethnic minority children are underrepresented

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23
Q

Wayne (2007)
-Deviant young people
Analysed 2130 articles looking at how they are portrayed in the stories of young people

A

28% focused on young celebrities
82% focused on young people involved with crime (perpetrator or victim)
Young people were not asked for their opinion
All other factors to do with young people - mostly ignored

24
Q

Osgerby (2002)

- deviant young people

A

During the 1950s and 60s youth What is represented positively in the media to a background of postwar hope
1970s and 1980s theme of youth a struggle emerged which seem to reflect general concerns about lawfulness and social breakdown

25
Q

Evaluation on Wayne

Positive and negative

A

✔️ - analysed a lot of news articles - making it more reliable
✖️ - only used news articles - less representative

26
Q

Evaluation of osgerby

A

Reliable / good application as it was realistic to the time period
Still relevant today

27
Q

Ethnic minorities account for ….

A

12.9% of the population
Research shows that minority groups are presented in limited stereotypical ways or are marginalised and excludes for representation in the media

28
Q

What 3 main representations of ethnic minorities are there

A

Not shown as much
Deviant
Stereotypical roles

29
Q

Malik (2008)

- not shown as much

A

Believe the media did not represent ethnic diversity in the UK ethnic minorities are declining in watching mainstream TV whereas white people think that the media was doing a satisfactory job at representing ethnic minorities

30
Q

Barker (1999)

- stereotypical role

A

Studied ethnic representations in EastEnders there were lots of Asians and black characters return enter
Criticised for stereotyping black and Asian characters as doctors and shopkeepers failed to engage with wider structural forms of racism most of the main characters were still white

31
Q

Van Dijik

- deviant ethnic minorities

A 
Analyse content of needs reports in the UK over 10 year period
Summarised into 5 groups 
As criminals
As abnormal
As a threat
As dependent
As unimportant
32
Q

Evaluation of Malik

A

✔️ - Generalisable to overactive ethnic minorities – questionnaire to get all minority views
TV less valid as it is only one type of media less accurate than other ✖️- forms e.g. social media

33
Q

Evaluation of Barker

A

✖️- only looked at how they were represented in EastEnders not represented enough
✖️- Historical bias it could’ve changed may have Leicester typical rose as the media has developed e.g. John Boyega

34
Q

Evaluation of Van Dijik

A

✔️- Good reliability is other sociologists have also found the same results about how black people are represented in the media – Hall
✖️- Historical bias – or to such a Stormzy are getting a good praise

35
Q

Representations of ethnic majority

A

Over represented

More positively represented

36
Q

Majority ethnic groups tend to reflect

A

Majority of representation in the media particularly in heavily dominated films and tv programmes

37
Q

What did Malik note about the ethnic majority

A

Majority Felt that the media was doing a good job at representing multicultural Britain however it is not reflective of multicultural society

38
Q

What is the neo Marxist view on representation of ethnic majority

A

The people in the media White middle / upper class men they unconsciously over represent/positively represent white people, they do this because it reflects their own norms and values therefore they are more frequently portrayed in the media as they are able to relate to this ethnicity better

39
Q

What are the critical media project do

A

Looked at how historical context affected media representation.
White = superiority and privilege
Non whites = inferiority and labelled as other
Inequality and injustice still remain and the media is a key site where they ideas persist

40
Q

Facts on middle class

A

Over represented in TV soaps and dramas
Newspaper is predominantly aimed at the middle-class
They tend to represent the norms for society

41
Q

How was the middle class showing in the media

A

Hard-working, successful, educated, able to cope with life’s problems e.g. outnumbered

42
Q

Glen on and Butsch (middle class)

1study on the middle class

A

Analyse TV shows

Middle class = over represented working class = under represented

43
Q

Evaluation of 1st study

A

✖️- Not generalisable as it only looks at TV shows therefore it is not representative

44
Q

Glennon and butsch (Middle class)

2nd study

A 
Content analysis of middle class and working class for this represented on TV
middle-class dads = problem solvers working-class dads = fun
45
Q

Evaluation of glen on and butsch 2nd study

A

✔️ - Qualitative and quantitated is making it more valid as it can increase the accuracy in depth
✔️ - Supported by contemporary examples this increases reliability

46
Q

How are the working class represented

A

Underrepresented

Stereotypical nostalgic out of date

47
Q

Dodd and Dodd (1992)

- positive representation of working class

A 
EastEnders and traditions such as unemployment, rape imprisonment, drugs
So supportive community environment does not reflect contemporary working class culture
48
Q

Newman (2006)

- negative representation of working class

A

See you sitcoms, films, dramas etc but realistically poetry working class people there of them protruding negative light

49
Q

Evaluation of Dodd and Dodd

Working class

A

Only looked at EastEnders therefore it is unrepresentative

50
Q

Evaluation of Newman

Working class

A

Use the range of media this increases reliability

51
Q

Knowledge of underclass

A 
Under the working class 
Homeless, those on benefits, unemployed 
Underclass is contested 
Threat to society 
Negative representations
52
Q

Price (2014)

- Underclass

A 
Labelled tv programmes that examine the life of the poorest in society as ‘poverty porn’ 
Media is deliberately exploiting to have a shocking effect on audience 
Benefits street intends to portray aspects of lower class culture which ought to be condemned
53
Q

Representation of upperclass

A 
Minimal representation (particularly in movies and tv)
Positively
54
Q

Contemporary examples of upper class

A

Downtown abbey , kings speech

55
Q

Nairn (1998)

Upper class

A

Members of the monarchy constitute something of a “soap opera “with the attention given to all the activities
Positively represents the monarchy making events such as weddings & funerals national events
Negative or controversial actions of members of the royal family are often forgotten quickly replaced with something more positive

56
Q

Reiner (2010)

Upper class

A

Contemporary representations of people with well show them as examples of success within the meritocratic society
This means that when people are showing as having welfare achievements are celebrated

57
Q

New-Marxist view of upper class representation

A

Argue that this is evidence of an effort of the media to maintain “false class consciousness “it means it discourages critical examination of why some people have wealth and others do not

Sociology (11 decks)

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