Representations

Question 1

3 representations of women

Answer 1

Not shown as much
Traditional role
Sexual objects

Question 2

Ferguson (1983)

- women in the traditional role

Answer 2

Women are represented in the media in traditional roles with a focus on him, home and looking good - pleasing the man (housewife)

Question 3

Tuchman (1978)

- women not shown as much

Answer 3

Suggested a narrowing range of the role for women amounted to their symbolic annihilation

Question 4

Bristol Fawcett Society

- Women not shown as much

Answer 4

30 % of characters on CBeebies in 2008 were female
60:40 ratio male to female speaking roles
Sports coverage varies for men to women

Question 5

Laura Mulvey

- women as sex objects

Answer 5

Male gaze - movies centred around the male gaze, passive female fulfils male fantasies

Question 6

Contemporary example of women not shown as much to support and contradict

Answer 6

✔️ No increase in women’s sports coverage since 2012 (London olympics)
✖️orange is the new black

Question 7

Contemporary example of women in the traditional role to support and contradict

Answer 7

✔️ Cinderella & snow white

✖️ moana, Milan

Question 8

Contemporary example of women as sex objects to support and contradict

Answer 8

✔️ Jessica rabbit

✖️ this girl can campaign

Question 9

2 representations of men

Answer 9

Traditional masculinity

New man

Question 10

Eastthorpe (1990)

- traditional masculinity

Answer 10

Found the myth of traditional masculinity to be evident in Hollywood films and computer games
Eg hulk, the thing, Indiana Jones

Question 11

Simpson (metrosexual male)

Links to new man

Answer 11

Changing view of men, fashion and grooming attracts women

Question 12

Gauntlet

Answer 12

Men still are the lead roles -> superheroes - save women

Suggested that the role is changing but has reached a plateau and hasn’t changed for a decade

Question 13

Traditional masculinity

Answer 13

Miss of men it’s possessing strength competitive spirit and aggression and violence of the basis of biological predisposition

Question 14

The ‘new man’

Answer 14

Able to express emotions, takes an interest in personal grooming and fashion and undertakes new roles within the home and family

Question 15

Landis (2002)

- representation of old people

Answer 15

Confused stereotypes in media identified a number of stereotypes for older people
- Grumpy old man, feisty old woman, sickly old person, mentally deficient, depressed or lonely, having wisdom, busy body, having a second childhood

Question 16

Contemporary examples of old people

Answer 16

Carl from ‘UP’ - grumpy old men
Sheila from neighbours - busybody, feisty old woman
Della Reese - wise, godly, motherly
Stan lee - having second childhood
Grandpa Joe from Charlie and the chocolate factory - sickly old person

Question 17

Old people shown more positively

Studies such as …

Answer 17

Carrigan

Biggs

Question 18

Carrigan (2001)

- Positive representation of old people

Answer 18

Describe the “grey pound “this is the idea of people have money to spend. This led to more positive images of ageing and positive roles for old people

Question 19

Biggs (1993)

- Positive representation of old people

Answer 19

How do you is that there is evidence of changing representations of older people, and they are appearing in a considerable number of soap operas there is a view towards a more active old person

Question 20

2 key Representation of young people

Answer 20

> Vulnerable

> Deviant

Question 21

How are young people vulnerable

Answer 21

Children and young people are portrayed as being vulnerable in the media as there is an increasing media representation of children as consumers
Children or a Portrait is more effective use this on consumers of the media than adults e.g. Schoppee from high school musical being advertised

Question 22

Katherine Heintz-Knowles 2002
- young people as vulnerable
Examined children entertainment programmes portraying child characters

Answer 22

They are often in peer or romance relationship, they never show children understanding important issues
Commercial broadcasts - show children engaging in anti-social behaviours and getting positive results (vicarious reinforcement)
Ethnic minority children are underrepresented

Question 23

Wayne (2007)
-Deviant young people
Analysed 2130 articles looking at how they are portrayed in the stories of young people

Answer 23

28% focused on young celebrities
82% focused on young people involved with crime (perpetrator or victim)
Young people were not asked for their opinion
All other factors to do with young people - mostly ignored

Question 24

Osgerby (2002)

- deviant young people

Answer 24

During the 1950s and 60s youth What is represented positively in the media to a background of postwar hope
1970s and 1980s theme of youth a struggle emerged which seem to reflect general concerns about lawfulness and social breakdown

Question 25

Evaluation on Wayne | Positive and negative

Answer 25

✔️ - analysed a lot of news articles - making it more reliable ✖️ - only used news articles - less representative

Question 26

Evaluation of osgerby

Answer 26

Reliable / good application as it was realistic to the time period Still relevant today

Question 27

Ethnic minorities account for ....

Answer 27

12.9% of the population Research shows that minority groups are presented in limited stereotypical ways or are marginalised and excludes for representation in the media

Question 28

What 3 main representations of ethnic minorities are there

Answer 28

Not shown as much Deviant Stereotypical roles

Question 29

Malik (2008) | - not shown as much

Answer 29

Believe the media did not represent ethnic diversity in the UK ethnic minorities are declining in watching mainstream TV whereas white people think that the media was doing a satisfactory job at representing ethnic minorities

Question 30

Barker (1999) | - stereotypical role

Answer 30

Studied ethnic representations in EastEnders there were lots of Asians and black characters return enter Criticised for stereotyping black and Asian characters as doctors and shopkeepers failed to engage with wider structural forms of racism most of the main characters were still white

Question 31

Van Dijik | - deviant ethnic minorities

Answer 31

``` Analyse content of needs reports in the UK over 10 year period Summarised into 5 groups As criminals As abnormal As a threat As dependent As unimportant ```

Question 32

Evaluation of Malik

Answer 32

✔️ - Generalisable to overactive ethnic minorities – questionnaire to get all minority views TV less valid as it is only one type of media less accurate than other ✖️- forms e.g. social media

Question 33

Evaluation of Barker

Answer 33

✖️- only looked at how they were represented in EastEnders not represented enough ✖️- Historical bias it could’ve changed may have Leicester typical rose as the media has developed e.g. John Boyega

Question 34

Evaluation of Van Dijik

Answer 34

✔️- Good reliability is other sociologists have also found the same results about how black people are represented in the media – Hall ✖️- Historical bias – or to such a Stormzy are getting a good praise

Question 35

Representations of ethnic majority

Answer 35

Over represented | More positively represented

Question 36

Majority ethnic groups tend to reflect

Answer 36

Majority of representation in the media particularly in heavily dominated films and tv programmes

Question 37

What did Malik note about the ethnic majority

Answer 37

Majority Felt that the media was doing a good job at representing multicultural Britain however it is not reflective of multicultural society

Question 38

What is the neo Marxist view on representation of ethnic majority

Answer 38

The people in the media White middle / upper class men they unconsciously over represent/positively represent white people, they do this because it reflects their own norms and values therefore they are more frequently portrayed in the media as they are able to relate to this ethnicity better

Question 39

What are the critical media project do

Answer 39

Looked at how historical context affected media representation. White = superiority and privilege Non whites = inferiority and labelled as other Inequality and injustice still remain and the media is a key site where they ideas persist

Question 40

Facts on middle class

Answer 40

Over represented in TV soaps and dramas Newspaper is predominantly aimed at the middle-class They tend to represent the norms for society

Question 41

How was the middle class showing in the media

Answer 41

Hard-working, successful, educated, able to cope with life’s problems e.g. outnumbered

Question 42

Glen on and Butsch (middle class) | 1study on the middle class

Answer 42

Analyse TV shows | Middle class = over represented working class = under represented

Question 43

Evaluation of 1st study

Answer 43

✖️- Not generalisable as it only looks at TV shows therefore it is not representative

Question 44

Glennon and butsch (Middle class) | 2nd study

Answer 44

``` Content analysis of middle class and working class for this represented on TV middle-class dads = problem solvers working-class dads = fun ```

Question 45

Evaluation of glen on and butsch 2nd study

Answer 45

✔️ - Qualitative and quantitated is making it more valid as it can increase the accuracy in depth ✔️ - Supported by contemporary examples this increases reliability

Question 46

How are the working class represented

Answer 46

Underrepresented | Stereotypical nostalgic out of date

Question 47

Dodd and Dodd (1992) | - positive representation of working class

Answer 47

``` EastEnders and traditions such as unemployment, rape imprisonment, drugs So supportive community environment does not reflect contemporary working class culture ```

Question 48

Newman (2006) | - negative representation of working class

Answer 48

See you sitcoms, films, dramas etc but realistically poetry working class people there of them protruding negative light

Question 49

Evaluation of Dodd and Dodd | Working class

Answer 49

Only looked at EastEnders therefore it is unrepresentative

Question 50

Evaluation of Newman | Working class

Answer 50

Use the range of media this increases reliability

Question 51

Knowledge of underclass

Answer 51

``` Under the working class Homeless, those on benefits, unemployed Underclass is contested Threat to society Negative representations ```

Question 52

Price (2014) | - Underclass

Answer 52

``` Labelled tv programmes that examine the life of the poorest in society as ‘poverty porn’ Media is deliberately exploiting to have a shocking effect on audience Benefits street intends to portray aspects of lower class culture which ought to be condemned ```

Question 53

Representation of upperclass

Answer 53

``` Minimal representation (particularly in movies and tv) Positively ```

Question 54

Contemporary examples of upper class

Answer 54

Downtown abbey , kings speech

Question 55

Nairn (1998) | Upper class

Answer 55

Members of the monarchy constitute something of a “soap opera “with the attention given to all the activities Positively represents the monarchy making events such as weddings & funerals national events Negative or controversial actions of members of the royal family are often forgotten quickly replaced with something more positive

Question 56

Reiner (2010) | Upper class

Answer 56

Contemporary representations of people with well show them as examples of success within the meritocratic society This means that when people are showing as having welfare achievements are celebrated

Question 57

New-Marxist view of upper class representation

Answer 57

Argue that this is evidence of an effort of the media to maintain “false class consciousness “it means it discourages critical examination of why some people have wealth and others do not