Identity Flashcards
1
Q
Normative femininity -
A
physical appearance seen as important
2
Q
Passive femininity
A
Women and girls accept traditional ideas about how they should behave, being quiet, demure and submissive
3
Q
Assertive femininity
A
Challenge the male culture and sexism
4
Q
Hegemonic/normative masculinity
A
Male supremacy, heterosexuality, aggression, laddish culture
5
Q
Complicit masculinity
A
The new man, takes a shared role in the family, cares about the appearance
6
Q
Marginalised masculinity
A
Those who are marginalised by society and for whom jobs may not be garunteed - low class ethnic minorities
7
Q
Subordinate masculinity
A
Gay men , viewed as behaving differently to the expectations of the dominant hegemonic masculinity
8
Q
Chapman
Gender identity - family
A
Children are given gender stereotypical shores in the house to teach them what is gender appropriate
9
Q
Williams
Gender identity - family
A
Found parents buy their children gender stereotypical toys teaching them how to operate in a consumer society
6 weeks at large retailer, 6 weeks at small retailer
10
Q
Parsons
Gender identity - family
A
It is the families role to socialise the young
11
Q
Gauntlet
Gender identity - mass media
A
Men are more likely to be shown as heroes in films and women as victims, men are also more likely to get leading roles when they are older
12
Q
Welch
Gender identity - mass media
A
Ads aimed at boys portray more activity and aggression, rational discontent
Girls = gentle music, frequent fades, dissolves eg Barbie- imagine the possibility AD
13
Q
Blackman
Gender identity - peer group
A
New wave girls found that they show assertive femininity as they went against the expected view of normative or passive feminists
14
Q
McRobbie and Garber
Gender identity - peer groups
A
Encouraged Bedroom culture found in Jackie magazines
Showed passive and normative femininity
15
Q
Phoenix
Gender identity - education
A
Boys who work hard are seen as feminine
16
Q
Mac and Gail
Gender identity - education
A
Found subcultures - macho lad (hegemonic/normative masculinity) academic achiever, gay student (subordinate masculinity)
17
Q
Jackson
Gender identity - education
A
Lads and Ladies
Found clear subculture - lads, some girls also displayed laddish behaviour (assertive femininity)
18
Q
Holm and Bowker
Gender identity - religion
A
Women usually subordinate
Early feminism - nuns in the Catholic Church
19
Q
Miller and Hoffman
Gender identity - religion
A
Men are less religious than women therefore are more irresponsible and risk takers (link to biological view - m = more promiscuity)
20
Q
Mac and Gail
Gender identity - workplace
A
Crisis of masculinity a women take on traditionally male jobs
21
Q
(Gender identity - hakim)
A
Horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace
Horizontal is = inequality of male to female ratio in certain job roles
Vertical is = glass ceiling - refers to promotion a vertical rise in position
22
Q
Sexuality
A
The label people adopt to signify to others who they are as a sexual being particularly regarding sexual orientation
23
Q
Weeks
Sexual identity
A
‘Sexual identification is a strange thing’ and more complex than other aspects of identity. There are people who identify as gay and participate in the gay community but do not participate in same sex sexual activity, but there are also people who do have same sex sexual encounters but do not identify as gay
24
Q
Reiss
Sexual identity - support for Weeks
A
Young male prostitutes or ‘rent boys’ regarded themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money and they actively despised the men as a way of neutralising they behaviour
25
Humphries
| Sexual identity - support for Weeks
Tea room trade - men who identified themselves as heterosexual (who were married) were meeting with other men to commit gay act in public restrooms
26
Critcher
| Sexual identity - mass media
Homosexuals are shown as folk devils in the media & moral panics are created around them AIDS
27
Opening ceremony of Common Wealth games 2014 in Glasgow 2014
(Sexual identity - mass media)
John Barrowman and Karen Dunbar both openly gay. Barrowman kissed his bride in a mock-up Gretna Green marriage ceremony
28
Mary McIntosh
| Sexual identity - peer group
In western cultures the roles homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics
Eg effeminate mannerisms and high pitched voice
29
Plummer
| Sexual identity - Mass media
Homosexuality is a career - a process where a male who has accepted the label of homosexuals will seek out others and join a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm
30
Rich
| Sexual identity - patriarchal society
Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society through institutions such as marriage, sexual objectification. Heterosexuality is forced upon them
Lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constituted as abnormal.
31
The law
| Sexual identity
In March 2014 same sex couples could legally be married for the first time.
Surveys found that around 1/5 of people would refuse an invitation to a same sex wedding
32
Underclass
Unemployed and those on long-term benefits
33
Working-class
The social group consisting of people who are employed for wages especially manual industrial work
34
Middle class
The social group between the upper and working classes including professional and business people
35
Upper-class
The social group that has the highest status in society especially the aristocracy (they tend to be born into this class) owners.
36
Super rich
The top 1% in terms of Income different upper classes may not have been born into this lifestyle e.g. footballers
37
Reay
| Class identity - family
Middle class mothers are more able to influence their child’s schooling than working-class mothers
38
Bourdieu
| Class identity - family
Cultural capital Eg. knowledge of classical music, classical literature and the arts is passed down from generation to generation in the family
39
Glennon and Butsch
| Class identity - mass media
Working-class families are underrepresented and middle class family so sure neither trying to move upwards or shown to be on intelligent
40
GUMG
| Class identity - mass media
Conduct a content analysis of British news (BBC and ITV) during the miners strike. The mine owners were showing in a more positive way and then the working-class miners
41
Mac an Gail
| Class identity - peer group
School masculinity is willing to class i.e. ‘macho lads’ working class ‘real Englishman’ middle upper
42
Clarke
| Class identity - peer groups
Study groups of skinheads, portraying there working-class identity was an important part of their subculture
43
Mac an Gail
| Class identity - education
School masculinity is willing to class i.e. ‘macho lads’ working class ‘real Englishman’ middle upper
44
Willis
| Class identity - education
Working class boys were fatalistic in accepting school failure as inevitable and so developed anti-educational coping strategies
45
Bruce
| Class identity - religion
Working class mothers are too busy trying to provide food for their children to attend religious services and they do they want a break from home life they are more likely to go to discotheques than church
46
Marx
| Class identity - religion
Is used by the bourgeoisie to transmit upper class ideology(beliefs) and create a false class consciousness to maintain the status quo
47
Savage
| Class identity - workplace
Doctors are normally from middle class backgrounds than working class areas people usually have more ‘practical’ occupations
48
Devine
| Class identity - workplace
50unstructured interviews with doctor and teacher - most of sample didn’t refer to the concept of class in response(class is dead)
49
Parsons (1)
| Age identity- family
Teenage culture is a transition from childhood to adulthood old age time of loneliness isolation and dependency on the state
50
Parsons (2)
| Age identity- family
It is the function of the family to socialise the young
50
Pearson
| Age identity - mass media
Young people are seen as folk devils by the media
52
Willis
| Age identity - mass media
Old people are shown as Grumpy, stubborn, lonely and interfering in the media
52
Biggs
| Age identity- mass media
Old people as seen as feeble, vague and forgetful in the media
54
Bennet
| Age identity - peers
Middle age punks still had group cohesion from younger days - Age is a ‘neo tribe’ we can drift in and out of eg. It doesn’t matter what your age is ‘youth’ is a frame of mind
55
Eisenstadt
| Age identity - peers
Youth culture is an important way of binding young people into society. Through fostering relationship with peers, they develop feelings of community. Also youth culture can provide an outlet for tensions young people cafe in the road to more independent living
56
Skelton and Francis
| Age identity - education
Areas of the playground - we mix with our own age
57
Durkheim
| Age identity - education
Education serves the function of preparing the young for the roles they will play in the their adult lives eg helps prepare them for the workplace
58
O’bierne
| Age identity - religion
Those with a religion are usually older on average than those who aren’t religious (over 50)
59
Yougov
| Age identity - religion
Belief in god is lowest among the young (18-34 survey)
60
Mori survey 2002
| Age identity - workplace
38% cited ageism as form of discrimination they had faced in the workplace
61
Featherstone and Hepworth
| Age identity- workplace
Individual life courses are becoming restructured and fragmented - as a result only some experience age discrimination
62
Ward and Winstanley
| Sexual identity - workplace
The process of how workers ‘come out’ in different types of organisations eg fire and police stations it was through interpersonal chat ... shows how organisations socialise their workplace into sharing identity with their own
63
Disability is a particular identity context ...
One that marks individuals as part of a group ams as members of a minority sometimes subjected to marginalisation, prejudice or discrimination
64
Is disability a significant factor of identity
Those living with a physical or mental impairment may often find it is the most significant aspect, especially in terms of how they are seen by others
65
Learned helplessness
| Disability identity
Some disabled people may internalise the idea that they are incapable of changing a situation, thus fail to take action to help themselves. Low self esteem and a highly structured life in which decisions are often made for disabled people can contribute to this
66
Shakespeare
| Disability identity- leaned helplessness
Disabled people are often socialised into this way of seeing themselves as victims, and that ‘the person with impairment may have an investment in their own incapacity because it can come rational for their own failure’ thus creating a victim mentality
67
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Medical model
(Disability identity)
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See disability as a decimal problem, focuses on the limitations caused by the impairment. This approach leads to the defining of a disabled person, by their disability or impairment . It leads to a victim blaming mentality when the problem lies with the disabled individual rather than with a society that has not met their needs
68
Interactionalist perspective
| Disability identity
The label ‘disabled carries with it a stigma (negative label) that affects all interactions between the disabled person and others, creating what interactionalists would call a ‘master status’ this means that it transcends all other aspects of identity and becomes a defining characteristic by which the individual is judged
69
Zola
(Disability identity- interactionalist perspective)
A disabled sociologist through polio said ....
The vocabulary used to describe ourselves (the disabled) is borrowed from (discriminatory society able-bodied). We are de-formed, dis-eased, dis-baled, dis-ordered, ab-normal and in-valid
70
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Social model
(Disability identity)
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Focuses on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist , such as the design of buildings and public spaces that deny access to those with mobility problems
This leads to the view that disability is socially constructed since it rests on assumptions of what is ’normal’ or ‘abnormal’
71
National identity
Ones identity or sense of belonging to one state or nation
72
Anderson
| Nationality identity
National identity is socially constructed through symbols such as the flag and the anthem and rituals such as national holidays and festivals
73
Schusden
| National identity - features
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A common language
Education
National rituals
Symbols
Mass media
Mass production
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74
Functionalism
| National identity - it’s importance
It serves to bring people together and makes them feel as if they belong and are part of something
This is crucial in avoiding anomie(Durkheim - a breakdown or absence of societal norms and values and feelings of isolation) which could lead to crime and deviance
75
Hirschi
| National identity - it’s importance
4 crucial bonds that bind us together and these prevent anomie and keep us from committing crimes
Attachment - care about others
Commitment - what we have got to lose
Involvement - do we have time to be deviant
Belief - how much do we think we should obey
76
Postmodernists
| National identity - declining importance
Would argue that national identity will become less import sent in today’s society. Young people are arguably ‘citezens of the world’ and national boundaries and cultures are less significant, the internet and social media have contributed to this breaking down of boundaries
77
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Stuart hall
(National identity - declining importance)
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Countries display 3 reactions to globalisation
Cultural homogenisation - acceptance of global culture
Cultural hybridity - they may take some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new but still individual culture
Cultural resistance- resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage becoming more traditional and nationalistic eg Britain first political party
78
Waters
| National identity - declining importance
Transnational companies and markets increasingly dominate trade
National or local cultures may be strengthened as the attempt to resist
Or national culture will go into decline
79
Ethnic group
| Ethnic identity
It is a group of people whose members are identified through common trait. This can include common heritage, culture shared language or dialect or also common ancestry and religion
80
Gilroy
| Ethnic identity
Argues there are themes which run through all black cultures eg awareness of the historical experience of slavery
81
Song
| ethnicity identity - family
Some Chinese follow their family into family business eg Chinese restaurants or takeaways
82
Seidler
| ethnicity identity - family
Girls from Asian backgrounds lead a double life. Traditional normative femininity at home and take on a more questioning attitude towards femininity with peers
83
Van Dijik
| ethnicity identity - mass media
Black peoples are portrayed as criminals in the media
84
Parker and Song
| ethnicity identity - mass media
Internet usage by ethnic minorities is increasing, they use it to organise social events and provide forums for debate and discussion
85
Alexander
| ethnicity identity - peer groups
Studied the formation of black culture and identity within black British youth. One of the biggest influenced on the creation of this identity was peer groups
86
Clarke
| ethnicity identity - peer groups
Skinheads portraying their white working Class identity was an important aspect of their culture
89
Troyna and Williams
| ethnicity identity - education
Describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric as it gives priority to white culture and English language
90
Johal and Bains
| ethnicity identity - education
Some children wear a metaphorical white mask to fit in with the majority culture in school
91
Davie
| ethnicity identity - religion
Religion is important for minority ethnic groups as it provides them with a way of maintaining their cultural identity, it can act as,a basis for community solidarity in a new environment
92
Khattab
| ethnicity identity - religion
Secondary analysis of official statistics found religion and skin colour were the best predictions of educational and occupational attainment
White Christian = most advantage
Black Muslim = most disadvantage
93
Song
| ethnicity identity - workplace
Some Chinese follow their family into family businesses eg Chinese restaurants and takeways
94
Modood
| ethnicity identity - workplace
Some workforce’s are ethnically diverse and others are dominated by one particular ethnic group. So ethnic groups are also more likely to experience unemployment
95
Hybrid identity
When different ethnic styles and cultures are combined in novel ways
Eg wigger and brasians
96
Postmodernists perspective
| Hybrid identity
In a global media saturated society we learn about different cultural styles and can pick and choose from these to create our own identity
97
Charlotte Butler
| Hybrid identity - link postmodern perspective
Found that although young British Asians retained respect for Islam they also adopted some western ideas about education and careers
98
Polemus
| Hybrid identity - link postmodern perspective
The media is a supermarket of style that we can pick and choose our identity
99
Functionalists perspective
| Hybrid identity
Hybrid identities serve a function of bringing people together (social solidarity of cohesion) and minimising difference (anomie) eg les Back
100
Assimilation
When Ethnic culture is abandoned and mainstream culture is adopted
101
Johal and Bains
| Hybrid identities - assimilation
Some children wear a metaphorical white mask to fit in with the majority culture at school
102
Ballard
| Hybrid identity - Cultural navigation
Young minorities switch codes eg behave differently at home and with peers
103
Seidler
| Hybrid identities - cultural navigation
For girls from Asian backgrounds they lead a double life taking on traditional normative feminists role at home and a more questioning femininity role with peers
105
Gillespie
| Hybrid identity - influence of mass media
She found that British punjabis (southall London) use television and videos to redefine their ethnic identity. They actively experience different cultures and mix them into new identities this may include aspects of the American dream ideology and identification with other Muslims
106
Les back
| Hybrid identity - peer group
Found that whites Asians and Blacks try out new cultural ‘masks’ experiment with new roles and play with different meanings and symbols. He found a great deal of inter racial friendships and interaction and a great deal of cultural borrowing other groups.this new identities helped to bring white and black youth closer together and to blur the diverse lines of race
