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Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Normative femininity -

A

physical appearance seen as important

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2
Q

Passive femininity

A

Women and girls accept traditional ideas about how they should behave, being quiet, demure and submissive

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3
Q

Assertive femininity

A

Challenge the male culture and sexism

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4
Q

Hegemonic/normative masculinity

A

Male supremacy, heterosexuality, aggression, laddish culture

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5
Q

Complicit masculinity

A

The new man, takes a shared role in the family, cares about the appearance

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6
Q

Marginalised masculinity

A

Those who are marginalised by society and for whom jobs may not be garunteed - low class ethnic minorities

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7
Q

Subordinate masculinity

A

Gay men , viewed as behaving differently to the expectations of the dominant hegemonic masculinity

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8
Q

Chapman

Gender identity - family

A

Children are given gender stereotypical shores in the house to teach them what is gender appropriate

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9
Q

Williams

Gender identity - family

A

Found parents buy their children gender stereotypical toys teaching them how to operate in a consumer society
6 weeks at large retailer, 6 weeks at small retailer

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10
Q

Parsons

Gender identity - family

A

It is the families role to socialise the young

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11
Q

Gauntlet

Gender identity - mass media

A

Men are more likely to be shown as heroes in films and women as victims, men are also more likely to get leading roles when they are older

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12
Q

Welch

Gender identity - mass media

A

Ads aimed at boys portray more activity and aggression, rational discontent
Girls = gentle music, frequent fades, dissolves eg Barbie- imagine the possibility AD

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13
Q

Blackman

Gender identity - peer group

A

New wave girls found that they show assertive femininity as they went against the expected view of normative or passive feminists

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14
Q

McRobbie and Garber

Gender identity - peer groups

A

Encouraged Bedroom culture found in Jackie magazines

Showed passive and normative femininity

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15
Q

Phoenix

Gender identity - education

A

Boys who work hard are seen as feminine

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16
Q

Mac and Gail

Gender identity - education

A

Found subcultures - macho lad (hegemonic/normative masculinity) academic achiever, gay student (subordinate masculinity)

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17
Q

Jackson

Gender identity - education

A

Lads and Ladies

Found clear subculture - lads, some girls also displayed laddish behaviour (assertive femininity)

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18
Q

Holm and Bowker

Gender identity - religion

A

Women usually subordinate

Early feminism - nuns in the Catholic Church

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19
Q

Miller and Hoffman

Gender identity - religion

A

Men are less religious than women therefore are more irresponsible and risk takers (link to biological view - m = more promiscuity)

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20
Q

Mac and Gail

Gender identity - workplace

A

Crisis of masculinity a women take on traditionally male jobs

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21
Q

(Gender identity - hakim)

A

Horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace
Horizontal is = inequality of male to female ratio in certain job roles
Vertical is = glass ceiling - refers to promotion a vertical rise in position

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22
Q

Sexuality

A

The label people adopt to signify to others who they are as a sexual being particularly regarding sexual orientation

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23
Q

Weeks

Sexual identity

A

‘Sexual identification is a strange thing’ and more complex than other aspects of identity. There are people who identify as gay and participate in the gay community but do not participate in same sex sexual activity, but there are also people who do have same sex sexual encounters but do not identify as gay

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24
Q

Reiss

Sexual identity - support for Weeks

A

Young male prostitutes or ‘rent boys’ regarded themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money and they actively despised the men as a way of neutralising they behaviour

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25
Q

Humphries

Sexual identity - support for Weeks

A

Tea room trade - men who identified themselves as heterosexual (who were married) were meeting with other men to commit gay act in public restrooms

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26
Q

Critcher

Sexual identity - mass media

A

Homosexuals are shown as folk devils in the media & moral panics are created around them AIDS

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27
Q

Opening ceremony of Common Wealth games 2014 in Glasgow 2014
(Sexual identity - mass media)

A

John Barrowman and Karen Dunbar both openly gay. Barrowman kissed his bride in a mock-up Gretna Green marriage ceremony

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28
Q

Mary McIntosh

Sexual identity - peer group

A

In western cultures the roles homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics
Eg effeminate mannerisms and high pitched voice

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29
Q

Plummer

Sexual identity - Mass media

A

Homosexuality is a career - a process where a male who has accepted the label of homosexuals will seek out others and join a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm

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30
Q

Rich

Sexual identity - patriarchal society

A

Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society through institutions such as marriage, sexual objectification. Heterosexuality is forced upon them
Lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constituted as abnormal.

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31
Q

The law

Sexual identity

A

In March 2014 same sex couples could legally be married for the first time.
Surveys found that around 1/5 of people would refuse an invitation to a same sex wedding

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32
Q

Underclass

A

Unemployed and those on long-term benefits

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33
Q

Working-class

A

The social group consisting of people who are employed for wages especially manual industrial work

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34
Q

Middle class

A

The social group between the upper and working classes including professional and business people

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35
Q

Upper-class

A

The social group that has the highest status in society especially the aristocracy (they tend to be born into this class) owners.

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36
Q

Super rich

A

The top 1% in terms of Income different upper classes may not have been born into this lifestyle e.g. footballers

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37
Q

Reay

Class identity - family

A

Middle class mothers are more able to influence their child’s schooling than working-class mothers

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38
Q

Bourdieu

Class identity - family

A

Cultural capital Eg. knowledge of classical music, classical literature and the arts is passed down from generation to generation in the family

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39
Q

Glennon and Butsch

Class identity - mass media

A

Working-class families are underrepresented and middle class family so sure neither trying to move upwards or shown to be on intelligent

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40
Q

GUMG

Class identity - mass media

A

Conduct a content analysis of British news (BBC and ITV) during the miners strike. The mine owners were showing in a more positive way and then the working-class miners

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41
Q

Mac an Gail

Class identity - peer group

A

School masculinity is willing to class i.e. ‘macho lads’ working class ‘real Englishman’ middle upper

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42
Q

Clarke

Class identity - peer groups

A

Study groups of skinheads, portraying there working-class identity was an important part of their subculture

43
Q

Mac an Gail

Class identity - education

A

School masculinity is willing to class i.e. ‘macho lads’ working class ‘real Englishman’ middle upper

44
Q

Willis

Class identity - education

A

Working class boys were fatalistic in accepting school failure as inevitable and so developed anti-educational coping strategies

45
Q

Bruce

Class identity - religion

A

Working class mothers are too busy trying to provide food for their children to attend religious services and they do they want a break from home life they are more likely to go to discotheques than church

46
Q

Marx

Class identity - religion

A

Is used by the bourgeoisie to transmit upper class ideology(beliefs) and create a false class consciousness to maintain the status quo

47
Q

Savage

Class identity - workplace

A

Doctors are normally from middle class backgrounds than working class areas people usually have more ‘practical’ occupations

48
Q

Devine

Class identity - workplace

A

50unstructured interviews with doctor and teacher - most of sample didn’t refer to the concept of class in response(class is dead)

49
Q

Parsons (1)

Age identity- family

A

Teenage culture is a transition from childhood to adulthood old age time of loneliness isolation and dependency on the state

50
Q

Parsons (2)

Age identity- family

A

It is the function of the family to socialise the young

50
Q

Pearson

Age identity - mass media

A

Young people are seen as folk devils by the media

52
Q

Willis

Age identity - mass media

A

Old people are shown as Grumpy, stubborn, lonely and interfering in the media

52
Q

Biggs

Age identity- mass media

A

Old people as seen as feeble, vague and forgetful in the media

54
Q

Bennet

Age identity - peers

A

Middle age punks still had group cohesion from younger days - Age is a ‘neo tribe’ we can drift in and out of eg. It doesn’t matter what your age is ‘youth’ is a frame of mind

55
Q

Eisenstadt

Age identity - peers

A

Youth culture is an important way of binding young people into society. Through fostering relationship with peers, they develop feelings of community. Also youth culture can provide an outlet for tensions young people cafe in the road to more independent living

56
Q

Skelton and Francis

Age identity - education

A

Areas of the playground - we mix with our own age

57
Q

Durkheim

Age identity - education

A

Education serves the function of preparing the young for the roles they will play in the their adult lives eg helps prepare them for the workplace

58
Q

O’bierne

Age identity - religion

A

Those with a religion are usually older on average than those who aren’t religious (over 50)

59
Q

Yougov

Age identity - religion

A

Belief in god is lowest among the young (18-34 survey)

60
Q

Mori survey 2002

Age identity - workplace

A

38% cited ageism as form of discrimination they had faced in the workplace

61
Q

Featherstone and Hepworth

Age identity- workplace

A

Individual life courses are becoming restructured and fragmented - as a result only some experience age discrimination

62
Q

Ward and Winstanley

Sexual identity - workplace

A

The process of how workers ‘come out’ in different types of organisations eg fire and police stations it was through interpersonal chat … shows how organisations socialise their workplace into sharing identity with their own

63
Q

Disability is a particular identity context …

A

One that marks individuals as part of a group ams as members of a minority sometimes subjected to marginalisation, prejudice or discrimination

64
Q

Is disability a significant factor of identity

A

Those living with a physical or mental impairment may often find it is the most significant aspect, especially in terms of how they are seen by others

65
Q

Learned helplessness

Disability identity

A

Some disabled people may internalise the idea that they are incapable of changing a situation, thus fail to take action to help themselves. Low self esteem and a highly structured life in which decisions are often made for disabled people can contribute to this

66
Q

Shakespeare

Disability identity- leaned helplessness

A

Disabled people are often socialised into this way of seeing themselves as victims, and that ‘the person with impairment may have an investment in their own incapacity because it can come rational for their own failure’ thus creating a victim mentality

67
Q 
Medical model 
(Disability identity)
A

See disability as a decimal problem, focuses on the limitations caused by the impairment. This approach leads to the defining of a disabled person, by their disability or impairment . It leads to a victim blaming mentality when the problem lies with the disabled individual rather than with a society that has not met their needs

68
Q

Interactionalist perspective

Disability identity

A

The label ‘disabled carries with it a stigma (negative label) that affects all interactions between the disabled person and others, creating what interactionalists would call a ‘master status’ this means that it transcends all other aspects of identity and becomes a defining characteristic by which the individual is judged

69
Q

Zola
(Disability identity- interactionalist perspective)
A disabled sociologist through polio said ….

A

The vocabulary used to describe ourselves (the disabled) is borrowed from (discriminatory society able-bodied). We are de-formed, dis-eased, dis-baled, dis-ordered, ab-normal and in-valid

70
Q 
Social model 
(Disability identity)
A

Focuses on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist , such as the design of buildings and public spaces that deny access to those with mobility problems
This leads to the view that disability is socially constructed since it rests on assumptions of what is ’normal’ or ‘abnormal’

71
Q

National identity

A

Ones identity or sense of belonging to one state or nation

72
Q

Anderson

Nationality identity

A

National identity is socially constructed through symbols such as the flag and the anthem and rituals such as national holidays and festivals

73
Q

Schusden

National identity - features

A 
A common language 
Education 
National rituals 
Symbols
Mass media
Mass production
74
Q

Functionalism

National identity - it’s importance

A

It serves to bring people together and makes them feel as if they belong and are part of something
This is crucial in avoiding anomie(Durkheim - a breakdown or absence of societal norms and values and feelings of isolation) which could lead to crime and deviance

75
Q

Hirschi

National identity - it’s importance

A

4 crucial bonds that bind us together and these prevent anomie and keep us from committing crimes
Attachment - care about others
Commitment - what we have got to lose
Involvement - do we have time to be deviant
Belief - how much do we think we should obey

76
Q

Postmodernists

National identity - declining importance

A

Would argue that national identity will become less import sent in today’s society. Young people are arguably ‘citezens of the world’ and national boundaries and cultures are less significant, the internet and social media have contributed to this breaking down of boundaries

77
Q 
Stuart hall 
(National identity - declining importance)
A

Countries display 3 reactions to globalisation
Cultural homogenisation - acceptance of global culture
Cultural hybridity - they may take some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new but still individual culture
Cultural resistance- resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage becoming more traditional and nationalistic eg Britain first political party

78
Q

Waters

National identity - declining importance

A

Transnational companies and markets increasingly dominate trade
National or local cultures may be strengthened as the attempt to resist
Or national culture will go into decline

79
Q

Ethnic group

Ethnic identity

A

It is a group of people whose members are identified through common trait. This can include common heritage, culture shared language or dialect or also common ancestry and religion

80
Q

Gilroy

Ethnic identity

A

Argues there are themes which run through all black cultures eg awareness of the historical experience of slavery

81
Q

Song

ethnicity identity - family

A

Some Chinese follow their family into family business eg Chinese restaurants or takeaways

82
Q

Seidler

ethnicity identity - family

A

Girls from Asian backgrounds lead a double life. Traditional normative femininity at home and take on a more questioning attitude towards femininity with peers

83
Q

Van Dijik

ethnicity identity - mass media

A

Black peoples are portrayed as criminals in the media

84
Q

Parker and Song

ethnicity identity - mass media

A

Internet usage by ethnic minorities is increasing, they use it to organise social events and provide forums for debate and discussion

85
Q

Alexander

ethnicity identity - peer groups

A

Studied the formation of black culture and identity within black British youth. One of the biggest influenced on the creation of this identity was peer groups

86
Q

Clarke

ethnicity identity - peer groups

A

Skinheads portraying their white working Class identity was an important aspect of their culture

89
Q

Troyna and Williams

ethnicity identity - education

A

Describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric as it gives priority to white culture and English language

90
Q

Johal and Bains

ethnicity identity - education

A

Some children wear a metaphorical white mask to fit in with the majority culture in school

91
Q

Davie

ethnicity identity - religion

A

Religion is important for minority ethnic groups as it provides them with a way of maintaining their cultural identity, it can act as,a basis for community solidarity in a new environment

92
Q

Khattab

ethnicity identity - religion

A

Secondary analysis of official statistics found religion and skin colour were the best predictions of educational and occupational attainment
White Christian = most advantage
Black Muslim = most disadvantage

93
Q

Song

ethnicity identity - workplace

A

Some Chinese follow their family into family businesses eg Chinese restaurants and takeways

94
Q

Modood

ethnicity identity - workplace

A

Some workforce’s are ethnically diverse and others are dominated by one particular ethnic group. So ethnic groups are also more likely to experience unemployment

95
Q

Hybrid identity

A

When different ethnic styles and cultures are combined in novel ways
Eg wigger and brasians

96
Q

Postmodernists perspective

Hybrid identity

A

In a global media saturated society we learn about different cultural styles and can pick and choose from these to create our own identity

97
Q

Charlotte Butler

Hybrid identity - link postmodern perspective

A

Found that although young British Asians retained respect for Islam they also adopted some western ideas about education and careers

98
Q

Polemus

Hybrid identity - link postmodern perspective

A

The media is a supermarket of style that we can pick and choose our identity

99
Q

Functionalists perspective

Hybrid identity

A

Hybrid identities serve a function of bringing people together (social solidarity of cohesion) and minimising difference (anomie) eg les Back

100
Q

Assimilation

A

When Ethnic culture is abandoned and mainstream culture is adopted

101
Q

Johal and Bains

Hybrid identities - assimilation

A

Some children wear a metaphorical white mask to fit in with the majority culture at school

102
Q

Ballard

Hybrid identity - Cultural navigation

A

Young minorities switch codes eg behave differently at home and with peers

103
Q

Seidler

Hybrid identities - cultural navigation

A

For girls from Asian backgrounds they lead a double life taking on traditional normative feminists role at home and a more questioning femininity role with peers

105
Q

Gillespie

Hybrid identity - influence of mass media

A

She found that British punjabis (southall London) use television and videos to redefine their ethnic identity. They actively experience different cultures and mix them into new identities this may include aspects of the American dream ideology and identification with other Muslims

106
Q

Les back

Hybrid identity - peer group

A

Found that whites Asians and Blacks try out new cultural ‘masks’ experiment with new roles and play with different meanings and symbols. He found a great deal of inter racial friendships and interaction and a great deal of cultural borrowing other groups.this new identities helped to bring white and black youth closer together and to blur the diverse lines of race

Sociology (11 decks)

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