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sport psychology > social support and leadership > Flashcards

social support and leadership Flashcards

1
Q

social ecological model

A
  • individual level factors (e.g, motivation, confidence, cardiovascular fitness) are one of the multiple factors that influence physical activity/exercise behaviour
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2
Q

social ecological model - 4 dimensions

A
  • interpersonal
  • interpersonal
  • physical environment (built and nature)
  • policy environment
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3
Q

the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)

A
  • all humans have a pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships
  • evolutionary psychology suggests this instinct resulted from natural selection- allowing for reproductive success, safety needs
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4
Q

the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)

- believe that

A
  • believe that groups are of such importance (e.g., thoughts, emotions, impulses, and decisions) that without it, people are rendered incapacitated (perceived or real exclusions have real impact)
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5
Q

hierarchy of needs (goes from bottom up to most important)

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. belongingness and love needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. self-actualization needs
    - all need to be met and satisfied before moving up
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6
Q

physiological needs

A
  • need to satisfy hunger and thirst
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7
Q

safety needs

A
  • need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
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8
Q

belongingness and love needs

A
  • need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
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9
Q

esteem needs

A
  • need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
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10
Q

self-actualization needs

A
  • need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
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11
Q

understanding social support

- biological basis “wired-in”

A
  • need to belong

- interpersonal attachements

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12
Q

understanding social support

- relationships influence

A
  • thoughts, feelings, and actions
  • physical and psychological well-being

how? in exercise?

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13
Q

understanding social support

- difficulty conceptualizing

A
  • relatively new concept- what exactly social support is and how it should be defined- many perspectives
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14
Q

social influence

A
  • real or imagined pressure to change one’s behaviour, attitudes or beliefs
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15
Q

social control

A
  • individuals perceive more social influences than support
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16
Q

social support

A
  • the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and info that a person received from others
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17
Q

social support is measured by:

A
  • size of social network
  • amount/frequency and type of social support provided
  • perception of the person questioned
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18
Q

types of social support

-appraisal/ approval/ belonging/attachment

A
  • reflects the availability and acceptance of the exerciser.

for example, positive affect of feelings accepted, may distract exerciser from the negative feeling of exercise

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19
Q

types of social support

- emotional

A
  • occurs through the expression of encouragement, caring, empathy= may encourage the exerciser to work harder, can empathize with person’s concerns about exercise
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20
Q

types of social support

- informational

A
  • giving direction. advice, suggestions.

example, physician, trainer, workout companion

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21
Q

types of social support

- instrumental

A
  • provides tangible, practical assistance that will help the person with their exercise goals- spotting, taking care of exercisers’ baby while she is working out
22
Q

classifying social support

- taxonomy

A

taxonomy; distinguish related concepts (hierarchy)

23
Q

classifying social support

- social integration/embedment

A
  • degree to which the individual participates in family life, the social life of the community, church, etc. (has access to support systems)
  • without social integration there is no support networks, supportive climates, received support
24
Q

classifying social support: taxonomy

- sport networks/network resources

A
  • individual’s social network from a functional perspective
  • people that routinely turn to for support
  • pool of support rescuers available
  • potential supports?
25
Q

classifying social support: taxonomy

- supportive climates/environments

A
  • quality of social relationships and systems

- cohesive groups are perceived to be more supportive

26
Q

classifying social support: taxonomy

- social support exchange

A
  • social support= process: 2 individuals involved (most our groups are small, ranges rom 2-7)
  • debits and credits
27
Q

enacted support

A
  • support offered by the provider in social exchange
28
Q

received support

A
  • support received by the recipient in social exchange
29
Q

perceived support

A
  • individuals cognitive appraisals of his/hers support network
  • perceived doesn’t equal received
30
Q

classifying social support hierarchy- perceived support

A
  • cognitive appraisal of social network
31
Q

classifying social support hierarchy- enacted/received support

A
  • support offered and received
32
Q

classifying social support hierarchy- supportive climates/ supportive environments

A
  • quality of social relationships/systems
33
Q

classifying social support hierarchy- network resources/support networks

A
  • people routinely turn to for support
34
Q

classifying social support hierarchy- social integration/embedment

A
  • degree of participation and access to resources
35
Q

measuring social support

A
  • various ways to assess for social support
  • picking which one often depends on the question needing to be answered (formal assessment, questions that are asked or observation)
36
Q

measuring social support- questions

A
  • does this person have a support network?
  • who is in the support network?
  • how frequent?
  • how satisfying?
37
Q

Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA

A
  • measures different types of social influence from different sources/types (i.e., friends, family, fitness experts) and the amount of influence
38
Q

Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA- 3 components

A
  1. companion support
  2. informational support
  3. emotional support
39
Q

measuring social support- 3 additional approaches

A
  1. determining social network resources
  2. determining support behaviour
  3. determining support appraisal
40
Q
  1. determining social network resources
A
  • who gives the person SS?
  • who can/are exercise supports
  • can vary by demands.type of needs
  • global estimates
  • domain-specific estimates
  • focus: size and density of resources
41
Q
  1. deterring support behaviour
A

focus: frequency of occurrence or likelihood that others will provide support

42
Q
  1. deterring support appraisal
A
  • what is the quality of the SS

focus: satisfaction, sufficiency, and helpfulness of support in important domains

43
Q

SS and Intentions - intention–> behaviour

A
  • ES= 1.09
  • type of SS (instrumental, emotional) is inconclusive (different studies show different types of support influence intention/adherence). it depends on different variables –> type of exercise, type of exerciser, length of the study
44
Q

SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996)

A

from family members
- moderate effect (ES= .49)
from other important others
- moderate effect (ES= .44)

45
Q

SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996) : applied implications

A
  • SS can be helpful in increasing intentions to be PA
46
Q

SS and PA: affect

A

affect= attitudes and feelings
important others
- moderate effect (Es=.63)
- family members (Es= .59)

47
Q

SS and PA: adherence to PA programs

A 
important others 
- moderate effect (ES=.44) 
family 
- moderate effect (ES=.36) 
- compliance: ES=.69
- class members (ES=.32) 
- exercise leaders (ES=.31)
48
Q

SS and PA conclusion

A
  • size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with physical activity
49
Q

positive aspect of SS

A
  • social support research shows there is an impact
  • different meta-analyses show small, moderate and large ES
  • different types fo support and different supportive groups
  • size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with PA
  • qualitative research also shows an impact
50
Q

negative aspect of social support

-SS assumption vs reality: subjective norms and adherence

A
  • perceived social pressures people feel to carry out a specific behaviour/ to perform or not to perform
  • small effect (ES=.18)
51
Q

negative aspect of social support

-SS assumption vs reality: examples of negative impact

A
  • behavioural reactance
  • social rejection
  • unsupportive behaviours/behavioural reactance
  • social disapproval
  • stereotypes
  • overprotectiveness
52
Q

negative aspect of social support

-SS assumption vs reality: frequency vs impact

A
  • occurs less frequently; than (+) SS

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