social support and leadership Flashcards
social ecological model
- individual level factors (e.g, motivation, confidence, cardiovascular fitness) are one of the multiple factors that influence physical activity/exercise behaviour
social ecological model - 4 dimensions
- interpersonal
- interpersonal
- physical environment (built and nature)
- policy environment
the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)
- all humans have a pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships
- evolutionary psychology suggests this instinct resulted from natural selection- allowing for reproductive success, safety needs
the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)
- believe that
- believe that groups are of such importance (e.g., thoughts, emotions, impulses, and decisions) that without it, people are rendered incapacitated (perceived or real exclusions have real impact)
hierarchy of needs (goes from bottom up to most important)
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization needs
- all need to be met and satisfied before moving up
physiological needs
- need to satisfy hunger and thirst
safety needs
- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
belongingness and love needs
- need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
esteem needs
- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
self-actualization needs
- need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
understanding social support
- biological basis “wired-in”
- need to belong
- interpersonal attachements
understanding social support
- relationships influence
- thoughts, feelings, and actions
- physical and psychological well-being
how? in exercise?
understanding social support
- difficulty conceptualizing
- relatively new concept- what exactly social support is and how it should be defined- many perspectives
social influence
- real or imagined pressure to change one’s behaviour, attitudes or beliefs
social control
- individuals perceive more social influences than support
social support
- the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and info that a person received from others
social support is measured by:
- size of social network
- amount/frequency and type of social support provided
- perception of the person questioned
types of social support
-appraisal/ approval/ belonging/attachment
- reflects the availability and acceptance of the exerciser.
for example, positive affect of feelings accepted, may distract exerciser from the negative feeling of exercise
types of social support
- emotional
- occurs through the expression of encouragement, caring, empathy= may encourage the exerciser to work harder, can empathize with person’s concerns about exercise
types of social support
- informational
- giving direction. advice, suggestions.
example, physician, trainer, workout companion
types of social support
- instrumental
- provides tangible, practical assistance that will help the person with their exercise goals- spotting, taking care of exercisers’ baby while she is working out
classifying social support
- taxonomy
taxonomy; distinguish related concepts (hierarchy)
classifying social support
- social integration/embedment
- degree to which the individual participates in family life, the social life of the community, church, etc. (has access to support systems)
- without social integration there is no support networks, supportive climates, received support
classifying social support: taxonomy
- sport networks/network resources
- individual’s social network from a functional perspective
- people that routinely turn to for support
- pool of support rescuers available
- potential supports?
classifying social support: taxonomy
- supportive climates/environments
- quality of social relationships and systems
- cohesive groups are perceived to be more supportive
classifying social support: taxonomy
- social support exchange
- social support= process: 2 individuals involved (most our groups are small, ranges rom 2-7)
- debits and credits
enacted support
- support offered by the provider in social exchange
received support
- support received by the recipient in social exchange
perceived support
- individuals cognitive appraisals of his/hers support network
- perceived doesn’t equal received
classifying social support hierarchy- perceived support
- cognitive appraisal of social network
classifying social support hierarchy- enacted/received support
- support offered and received
classifying social support hierarchy- supportive climates/ supportive environments
- quality of social relationships/systems
classifying social support hierarchy- network resources/support networks
- people routinely turn to for support
classifying social support hierarchy- social integration/embedment
- degree of participation and access to resources
measuring social support
- various ways to assess for social support
- picking which one often depends on the question needing to be answered (formal assessment, questions that are asked or observation)
measuring social support- questions
- does this person have a support network?
- who is in the support network?
- how frequent?
- how satisfying?
Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA
- measures different types of social influence from different sources/types (i.e., friends, family, fitness experts) and the amount of influence
Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA- 3 components
- companion support
- informational support
- emotional support
measuring social support- 3 additional approaches
- determining social network resources
- determining support behaviour
- determining support appraisal
- determining social network resources
- who gives the person SS?
- who can/are exercise supports
- can vary by demands.type of needs
- global estimates
- domain-specific estimates
- focus: size and density of resources
- deterring support behaviour
focus: frequency of occurrence or likelihood that others will provide support
- deterring support appraisal
- what is the quality of the SS
focus: satisfaction, sufficiency, and helpfulness of support in important domains
SS and Intentions - intention–> behaviour
- ES= 1.09
- type of SS (instrumental, emotional) is inconclusive (different studies show different types of support influence intention/adherence). it depends on different variables –> type of exercise, type of exerciser, length of the study
SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996)
from family members
- moderate effect (ES= .49)
from other important others
- moderate effect (ES= .44)
SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996) : applied implications
- SS can be helpful in increasing intentions to be PA
SS and PA: affect
affect= attitudes and feelings
important others
- moderate effect (Es=.63)
- family members (Es= .59)
SS and PA: adherence to PA programs
important others - moderate effect (ES=.44) family - moderate effect (ES=.36) - compliance: ES=.69 - class members (ES=.32) - exercise leaders (ES=.31)
SS and PA conclusion
- size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with physical activity
positive aspect of SS
- social support research shows there is an impact
- different meta-analyses show small, moderate and large ES
- different types fo support and different supportive groups
- size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with PA
- qualitative research also shows an impact
negative aspect of social support
-SS assumption vs reality: subjective norms and adherence
- perceived social pressures people feel to carry out a specific behaviour/ to perform or not to perform
- small effect (ES=.18)
negative aspect of social support
-SS assumption vs reality: examples of negative impact
- behavioural reactance
- social rejection
- unsupportive behaviours/behavioural reactance
- social disapproval
- stereotypes
- overprotectiveness
negative aspect of social support
-SS assumption vs reality: frequency vs impact
- occurs less frequently; than (+) SS
