social support and leadership Flashcards
1
Q
social ecological model
A
- individual level factors (e.g, motivation, confidence, cardiovascular fitness) are one of the multiple factors that influence physical activity/exercise behaviour
2
Q
social ecological model - 4 dimensions
A
- interpersonal
- interpersonal
- physical environment (built and nature)
- policy environment
3
Q
the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)
A
- all humans have a pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships
- evolutionary psychology suggests this instinct resulted from natural selection- allowing for reproductive success, safety needs
4
Q
the need to belong (baumeister and Leary)
- believe that
A
- believe that groups are of such importance (e.g., thoughts, emotions, impulses, and decisions) that without it, people are rendered incapacitated (perceived or real exclusions have real impact)
5
Q
hierarchy of needs (goes from bottom up to most important)
A
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization needs
- all need to be met and satisfied before moving up
6
Q
physiological needs
A
- need to satisfy hunger and thirst
7
Q
safety needs
A
- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
8
Q
belongingness and love needs
A
- need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
9
Q
esteem needs
A
- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
10
Q
self-actualization needs
A
- need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
11
Q
understanding social support
- biological basis “wired-in”
A
- need to belong
- interpersonal attachements
12
Q
understanding social support
- relationships influence
A
- thoughts, feelings, and actions
- physical and psychological well-being
how? in exercise?
13
Q
understanding social support
- difficulty conceptualizing
A
- relatively new concept- what exactly social support is and how it should be defined- many perspectives
14
Q
social influence
A
- real or imagined pressure to change one’s behaviour, attitudes or beliefs
15
Q
social control
A
- individuals perceive more social influences than support
16
Q
social support
A
- the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and info that a person received from others
17
Q
social support is measured by:
A
- size of social network
- amount/frequency and type of social support provided
- perception of the person questioned
18
Q
types of social support
-appraisal/ approval/ belonging/attachment
A
- reflects the availability and acceptance of the exerciser.
for example, positive affect of feelings accepted, may distract exerciser from the negative feeling of exercise
19
Q
types of social support
- emotional
A
- occurs through the expression of encouragement, caring, empathy= may encourage the exerciser to work harder, can empathize with person’s concerns about exercise
20
Q
types of social support
- informational
A
- giving direction. advice, suggestions.
example, physician, trainer, workout companion
21
Q
types of social support
- instrumental
A
- provides tangible, practical assistance that will help the person with their exercise goals- spotting, taking care of exercisers’ baby while she is working out
22
Q
classifying social support
- taxonomy
A
taxonomy; distinguish related concepts (hierarchy)
23
Q
classifying social support
- social integration/embedment
A
- degree to which the individual participates in family life, the social life of the community, church, etc. (has access to support systems)
- without social integration there is no support networks, supportive climates, received support
24
Q
classifying social support: taxonomy
- sport networks/network resources
A
- individual’s social network from a functional perspective
- people that routinely turn to for support
- pool of support rescuers available
- potential supports?
25
classifying social support: taxonomy
| - supportive climates/environments
- quality of social relationships and systems
| - cohesive groups are perceived to be more supportive
26
classifying social support: taxonomy
| - social support exchange
- social support= process: 2 individuals involved (most our groups are small, ranges rom 2-7)
- debits and credits
27
enacted support
- support offered by the provider in social exchange
28
received support
- support received by the recipient in social exchange
29
perceived support
- individuals cognitive appraisals of his/hers support network
- perceived doesn't equal received
30
classifying social support hierarchy- perceived support
- cognitive appraisal of social network
31
classifying social support hierarchy- enacted/received support
- support offered and received
32
classifying social support hierarchy- supportive climates/ supportive environments
- quality of social relationships/systems
33
classifying social support hierarchy- network resources/support networks
- people routinely turn to for support
34
classifying social support hierarchy- social integration/embedment
- degree of participation and access to resources
35
measuring social support
- various ways to assess for social support
- picking which one often depends on the question needing to be answered (formal assessment, questions that are asked or observation)
36
measuring social support- questions
- does this person have a support network?
- who is in the support network?
- how frequent?
- how satisfying?
37
Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA
- measures different types of social influence from different sources/types (i.e., friends, family, fitness experts) and the amount of influence
38
Multidimensional Scale For Assessing Positive and Negative Social Influences on PA- 3 components
1. companion support
2. informational support
3. emotional support
39
measuring social support- 3 additional approaches
1. determining social network resources
2. determining support behaviour
3. determining support appraisal
40
1. determining social network resources
- who gives the person SS?
- who can/are exercise supports
- can vary by demands.type of needs
- global estimates
- domain-specific estimates
- focus: size and density of resources
41
2. deterring support behaviour
focus: frequency of occurrence or likelihood that others will provide support
42
3. deterring support appraisal
- what is the quality of the SS
| focus: satisfaction, sufficiency, and helpfulness of support in important domains
43
SS and Intentions - intention--> behaviour
- ES= 1.09
- type of SS (instrumental, emotional) is inconclusive (different studies show different types of support influence intention/adherence). it depends on different variables --> type of exercise, type of exerciser, length of the study
44
SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996)
from family members
- moderate effect (ES= .49)
from other important others
- moderate effect (ES= .44)
45
SS and intention to be PA- Caron et. al (1996) : applied implications
- SS can be helpful in increasing intentions to be PA
46
SS and PA: affect
affect= attitudes and feelings
important others
- moderate effect (Es=.63)
- family members (Es= .59)
47
SS and PA: adherence to PA programs
```
important others
- moderate effect (ES=.44)
family
- moderate effect (ES=.36)
- compliance: ES=.69
- class members (ES=.32)
- exercise leaders (ES=.31)
```
48
SS and PA conclusion
- size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with physical activity
49
positive aspect of SS
- social support research shows there is an impact
- different meta-analyses show small, moderate and large ES
- different types fo support and different supportive groups
- size and amount of SS is positively and consistently associated with PA
- qualitative research also shows an impact
50
negative aspect of social support
| -SS assumption vs reality: subjective norms and adherence
- perceived social pressures people feel to carry out a specific behaviour/ to perform or not to perform
- small effect (ES=.18)
51
negative aspect of social support
| -SS assumption vs reality: examples of negative impact
- behavioural reactance
- social rejection
- unsupportive behaviours/behavioural reactance
- social disapproval
- stereotypes
- overprotectiveness
52
negative aspect of social support
| -SS assumption vs reality: frequency vs impact
- occurs less frequently; than (+) SS
