lecture 2

Question 1

different mood disorders

Answer 1

• clinical vs non-clinical depression
• major depressive disorder
• persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
• severity and duration of symptoms differ

Question 2

characteristics of major depressive disorder

Answer 2

• dysphoric mood- sad, blues, loss of interest in everything
• appetite- weight loss or weight gain
• sleep - insomnia or hypersomnia
• motor activity- slowed down
• guilt- feeling worthless or self reproach
• concentration - diminished
• suicide

Question 3

major depressive episode

Answer 3

1. for 2 week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood fo majority fo day or decreased enjoyment or interest in usual activities
2. for same 2 weeks, person experiences 3/4 of these:
   - weight change/ appetite change
   - insomnia/hypersomnia
   - daily agitation or decrease motor activity
   - fatigue
   - feeling worthless
   - reduction in concentration
   - suicidal thoughts, plan or attempt
3. significant distress or impairment

Question 4

major depressive disorder

Answer 4

1. presence of a major depressive episode

2. no pattern of mania or hypomania

Question 5

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 5

1. person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
2. during 2 year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
3. no history of mania or hypomania
4. significant distress or impairment

Question 6

biopolar disorder

Answer 6

• periods of severe depression alternating with manic episodes
• manic episode: involve feelings and actions that are usually elated expansive, and often excessive ( decreased need for sleep)

Question 7

manic episode

Answer 7

1. for 1 week or more, person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestraint or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy or activity, for most of every day
2. person experiences at least 3; grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talking, rapidly shifting ideas or sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast, attention pulled in different directions, heightened activity, excessive pursuit of risky and problematic activities
3. significant distress and impairment

Question 8

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 8

1. occurrence of manic episode

2. hypomania or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode

Question 9

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 9

1. presence or history of major depressive episodes
2. presence or history of hypomania episode(s)
3. no history of a manic episode

Question 10

cyclothymic disorder:

Answer 10

• numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods of depression during a 2 year period

Question 11

mood disorders: bipolar disorder-associated with:

Answer 11

• unwarranted optimism and risk-taking
• goals are blocked or thwarted
• depression sets in when dealing with damage or frenzy
• duration varies from person to person- some people may experience short manic and depressive episodes
• some individuals cycle back and forth

Question 12

measurement: standard classification criteria

Answer 12

• diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV); American psychology association

Question 13

measurement: self-reporting measures

Answer 13

• beck depression inventory
• centre for epidemiological studies- depression scale (CES-D)
• zing self-rating depression scale
• profile of mood states (POMS)

Question 14

measurement: POMS

Answer 14

• profile of mood states

- POMS assessment provides a method of assessing transient fluctuating active mood states

Question 15

6 dimensions of POMS

Answer 15

1. anger
2. tension
3. fatigue
4. depression
5. confusion
6. vigor

Question 16

POMS; negative and positive dimensions

Answer 16

5 negative that are decreased with PA
- anger, tension, confusion, depression, fatigue

1 positive is increased with PA
- vigor

Question 17

treatment options: medications

Answer 17

• medications

Question 18

treatment options: psychotherapy

Answer 18

psychotherapy: cognitive behavioural therapy and time-limited therapies
- limits on treatment therapies (i.e, time and money), highlight need for other, less costly treatment options

Question 19

treatment options: exercise

Answer 19

• being examined more frequently as a viable option for the treatment of clinical levels of depression

Question 20

exercise vs medicine

Answer 20

-

Question 21

PA and Mood Research: connection

Answer 21

connection between

• growing lack of PA
• increasing prevalence of mental health problems
• the least active individuals have the greatest incidence of mental health problems

Question 22

regular PA can be useful for disorders:

Answer 22

• PA can be useful for:
• preventing mental disorders
• reducing risk of occurrence

Question 23

PA and Depression: research concerns

Answer 23

• poor design, small/unrepresentative sample sizes

Question 24

PA and Depression: nonclinical depression

Answer 24

• mental state: feelings of gloom and listleness
• cross sectional and prospective studies show an association between PA and depressive symptoms
• more active= less depressive symptoms, less active = more depressive symptoms

Question 25

evidence for treatment effects- non-clinical depression

Answer 25

meta analysis- North, McCullagh - exercise resulted in decreased depression - exercise was as effective as, and sometimes more effective than, traditional therapies - certain factors moderated exercise treatment effects while others did not

Question 26

moderating and non-moderating factors

Answer 26

- quantitative reviews have been able to examine a variety of exercise and participant variables that might serve as moderation factors, including age, sex, and race/ethnicity

Question 27

moderating and non-moderating factors | - exercise factors

Answer 27

- exercise mode (no) - program length (?) - intensity (?) - duration/frequency (no) - acute vs chronic (no)

Question 28

moderating and non-moderating factors | - participant factors

Answer 28

- age (no) - sex (no) - initial depression (no) - race/ethnicity (?)

Question 29

PA and Depression research: clinical depression

Answer 29

- lowered mood > 2 weeks and +5 related symptoms - craft and lander meta analysis - overall (ES=.72) - regardless of purpose of PA - medical rehab (ES=.97) - psychological rehab (ES=.55)

Question 30

PA and Depression research: clinical depression - Cooney and colleagues (2013)

Answer 30

- meta analysis found that exercise has found to have moderate effect size on treatment effect (ES=.62) versus control, but no more effective than pharmacological therapies

Question 31

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations: dose-response

Answer 31

dose-response - longer the program (>9-10 weeks): the greater the impact (very little research on long term programs) - no significant differences in ES for activity duration/intensity (30-60 mins recommended)

Question 32

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations:task-type

Answer 32

task type - all forms= equally beneficial - caution! poor distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic - 50-80% of HR max

Question 33

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations: individual characteristics

Answer 33

- frequency: 3-5 weeks - individuals showed decrease in depression when PA - law of initial values - moderate-severe (ES=.88) vs mild-mod (ES=.34)

Question 34

PA and Depression: best with

Answer 34

- best in conjunction with psychotherapy

Question 35

evidence of treatment effects: consensus statements on clinical depression

Answer 35

1. PA has protective benefits against symptoms of depression 2. moderating effects of exercise seem to increase with greater levels of PA 3. exercise can be associated with a decreased mild-mod depression (but not major) 4. exercise may be an adjunct to the professional treatment for severe depression 5. optimal types and/or amounts of PA not known ( 50-80% HR max and 3x/week >30mins is ideal)

Question 36

mechanisms of change: hypotheses

Answer 36

- master hypothesis - social interaction hypothesis - anthropological hypothesis - endorphin hypothesis - neurogenesis