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lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

different mood disorders

A
  • clinical vs non-clinical depression
  • major depressive disorder
  • persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
  • severity and duration of symptoms differ
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2
Q

characteristics of major depressive disorder

A
  • dysphoric mood- sad, blues, loss of interest in everything
  • appetite- weight loss or weight gain
  • sleep - insomnia or hypersomnia
  • motor activity- slowed down
  • guilt- feeling worthless or self reproach
  • concentration - diminished
  • suicide
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3
Q

major depressive episode

A
  1. for 2 week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood fo majority fo day or decreased enjoyment or interest in usual activities
  2. for same 2 weeks, person experiences 3/4 of these:
    - weight change/ appetite change
    - insomnia/hypersomnia
    - daily agitation or decrease motor activity
    - fatigue
    - feeling worthless
    - reduction in concentration
    - suicidal thoughts, plan or attempt
  3. significant distress or impairment
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4
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  1. presence of a major depressive episode

2. no pattern of mania or hypomania

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5
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A
  1. person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
  2. during 2 year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
  3. no history of mania or hypomania
  4. significant distress or impairment
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6
Q

biopolar disorder

A
  • periods of severe depression alternating with manic episodes
  • manic episode: involve feelings and actions that are usually elated expansive, and often excessive ( decreased need for sleep)
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7
Q

manic episode

A
  1. for 1 week or more, person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestraint or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy or activity, for most of every day
  2. person experiences at least 3; grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talking, rapidly shifting ideas or sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast, attention pulled in different directions, heightened activity, excessive pursuit of risky and problematic activities
  3. significant distress and impairment
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8
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A
  1. occurrence of manic episode

2. hypomania or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode

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9
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A
  1. presence or history of major depressive episodes
  2. presence or history of hypomania episode(s)
  3. no history of a manic episode
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10
Q

cyclothymic disorder:

A
  • numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods of depression during a 2 year period
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11
Q

mood disorders: bipolar disorder-associated with:

A
  • unwarranted optimism and risk-taking
  • goals are blocked or thwarted
  • depression sets in when dealing with damage or frenzy
  • duration varies from person to person- some people may experience short manic and depressive episodes
  • some individuals cycle back and forth
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12
Q

measurement: standard classification criteria

A
  • diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV); American psychology association
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13
Q

measurement: self-reporting measures

A
  • beck depression inventory
  • centre for epidemiological studies- depression scale (CES-D)
  • zing self-rating depression scale
  • profile of mood states (POMS)
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14
Q

measurement: POMS

A
  • profile of mood states

- POMS assessment provides a method of assessing transient fluctuating active mood states

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15
Q

6 dimensions of POMS

A
  1. anger
  2. tension
  3. fatigue
  4. depression
  5. confusion
  6. vigor
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16
Q

POMS; negative and positive dimensions

A

5 negative that are decreased with PA
- anger, tension, confusion, depression, fatigue

1 positive is increased with PA
- vigor

17
Q

treatment options: medications

A
  • medications
18
Q

treatment options: psychotherapy

A

psychotherapy: cognitive behavioural therapy and time-limited therapies
- limits on treatment therapies (i.e, time and money), highlight need for other, less costly treatment options

19
Q

treatment options: exercise

A
  • being examined more frequently as a viable option for the treatment of clinical levels of depression
20
Q

exercise vs medicine

A

-

21
Q

PA and Mood Research: connection

A

connection between

  • growing lack of PA
  • increasing prevalence of mental health problems
  • the least active individuals have the greatest incidence of mental health problems
22
Q

regular PA can be useful for disorders:

A
  • PA can be useful for:
  • preventing mental disorders
  • reducing risk of occurrence
23
Q

PA and Depression: research concerns

A
  • poor design, small/unrepresentative sample sizes
24
Q

PA and Depression: nonclinical depression

A
  • mental state: feelings of gloom and listleness
  • cross sectional and prospective studies show an association between PA and depressive symptoms
  • more active= less depressive symptoms, less active = more depressive symptoms
25
Q

evidence for treatment effects- non-clinical depression

A

meta analysis- North, McCullagh

  • exercise resulted in decreased depression
  • exercise was as effective as, and sometimes more effective than, traditional therapies
  • certain factors moderated exercise treatment effects while others did not
26
Q

moderating and non-moderating factors

A
  • quantitative reviews have been able to examine a variety of exercise and participant variables that might serve as moderation factors, including age, sex, and race/ethnicity
27
Q

moderating and non-moderating factors

- exercise factors

A
  • exercise mode (no)
  • program length (?)
  • intensity (?)
  • duration/frequency (no)
  • acute vs chronic (no)
28
Q

moderating and non-moderating factors

- participant factors

A
  • age (no)
  • sex (no)
  • initial depression (no)
  • race/ethnicity (?)
29
Q

PA and Depression research: clinical depression

A
  • lowered mood > 2 weeks and +5 related symptoms
  • craft and lander meta analysis
  • overall (ES=.72)
  • regardless of purpose of PA
  • medical rehab (ES=.97)
  • psychological rehab (ES=.55)
30
Q

PA and Depression research: clinical depression - Cooney and colleagues (2013)

A
  • meta analysis found that exercise has found to have moderate effect size on treatment effect (ES=.62) versus control, but no more effective than pharmacological therapies
31
Q

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations: dose-response

A

dose-response

  • longer the program (>9-10 weeks): the greater the impact (very little research on long term programs)
  • no significant differences in ES for activity duration/intensity (30-60 mins recommended)
32
Q

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations:task-type

A

task type

  • all forms= equally beneficial
  • caution! poor distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic
  • 50-80% of HR max
33
Q

PA and Depression- moderators and recommendations: individual characteristics

A
  • frequency: 3-5 weeks
  • individuals showed decrease in depression when PA
  • law of initial values
  • moderate-severe (ES=.88) vs mild-mod (ES=.34)
34
Q

PA and Depression: best with

A
  • best in conjunction with psychotherapy
35
Q

evidence of treatment effects: consensus statements on clinical depression

A
  1. PA has protective benefits against symptoms of depression
  2. moderating effects of exercise seem to increase with greater levels of PA
  3. exercise can be associated with a decreased mild-mod depression (but not major)
  4. exercise may be an adjunct to the professional treatment for severe depression
  5. optimal types and/or amounts of PA not known ( 50-80% HR max and 3x/week >30mins is ideal)
36
Q

mechanisms of change: hypotheses

A
  • master hypothesis
  • social interaction hypothesis
  • anthropological hypothesis
  • endorphin hypothesis
  • neurogenesis

sport psychology (8 decks)

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