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emotional well-being and PA Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology in everyday life

A
  • with the complexity of everyday life, we often have several changes in mood and experience many different emotions
  • abnormal states occur in all of us
  • 1 in 5 Canadians suffer form a mental disorder
  • language of abnormal psychology permeates everyday conversations
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2
Q

what is abnormal? discontinuity hypothesis

A
  • only strong terms can accurately portray true nature of abnormal behaviour
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3
Q

what is abnormal? continuity hypothesis

A
  • insanity and mental illness terms should not be used
  • mental disorder best viewed as a continuum that varies between mental health to mental illness
  • no single “abnormal” criteria
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4
Q

emotions in everyday life

A
  • emotions are important in our physical life, just as they are in other aspects of our life
  • during the day, an individual may experience a wealth of emotional experiences such as; angry for not achieving a goal, fear of presenting in front of your boss, surprise that your workgroup is being minimized
  • emotions, personality (dispositions) & cognition (attitudes)- unstable vs stable
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5
Q

emotion:

A
  • positive or negative experience, generally in reaction to a stimuli
  • accompanied by physiological arousal (i.e, specific event or occurrence)
  • exists for a finite period of time
  • have characteristic behaviour- physiological, cognitive, and behavioural
  • are intense enough to disrupt thought processes
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6
Q

6 basic emotions

A
  1. anger
  2. disgust
  3. happy
  4. sad
  5. surprised
  6. fear
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7
Q

the content of emotions:

A
  • emotions are complex and people can experience a combination of different emotions
  • social communications requires accurate perception of content, as well as tone and non-verbal signals such as posture and facial expressions
  • many theorists agree that basic emotions have universal meaning across cultures and even across certain species
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8
Q

mood

A
  • generalized feeling ( positive & negative) not identified with a particular stimulus & not sufficiently intense to interrupt ongoing thought processes
  • pervasive and sustained (longer duration) emotional response that can influence a person’s perception of the world (ex; depressed mood)
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9
Q

affect:

A
  • an umbrella term which refers to pattern of observable behaviours associated with emotions and moods (facial expression, voice pitch)
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10
Q

arousal

A
  • an alertness or activation level (from deep sleep to intense alertness)
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11
Q

emotion vs mood:

emotion

A
  • has a short duration (seconds, minutes)
  • has a rapid onset and is episodic
  • has a strong intensity*
  • interrupts thoughts and behaviour
  • is specific and targeted
  • has a single identifiable cause
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12
Q

emotion vs mood: mood

A
  • has a long duration (hours, days)
  • has a gradual onset and is continuous
  • has a weak intensity
  • influences thoughts and behaviour
  • is global and diffuse
  • does not have a single identifiable cause
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13
Q

self-conscious emotions

A
  • are emotions that relate to our sense of self in repose to other’s reactions to us
  • perceived or actual
  • most prevalent in sport/exercise are- shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride
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14
Q

emotional well-being

A
  • is a greater amount of positive affect vs negative affect, and a favourable level of cognition/thoughts
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15
Q

emotional well being and mental disorders

A

health conditions that are:

  • characterized by alteration in thinking, mood, or behaviour ( or some combination)
  • associated with distress and/or impaired functioning

-diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV) and now there is a DSM 5.

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16
Q

anxiety defined

A
  • pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as thinking, behaviour and physiological activity
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17
Q

pathological vs normal anxiety

A
  • response magnitude
  • response duration
  • response elicitation
  • disruptiveness- impacts functioning = cognitive, social and occupational
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18
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • class of disorders that involves anxiety that interfere with ability to function effectively
  • disorders differ in extent that anxiety is experienced, severity of anxiety and situations that trigger disorders
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19
Q

symptomatology

A

unpleasant feelings

  • bodily symptoms
  • changes in cognition
  • changes in behaviour, ex; vigilance
20
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • long lasting feelings of anxiety and worry most of the time WITHOUT specific threats or danger
  • non-specific persistent fear and worry is longer lasting
  • must also display physical and cognitive symptoms of impairment
  • more than 6 months
21
Q

panic attack/disorder

A
  • experience of unexpected and severe panic attacks that are brief in duration
  • include intense psychological and physical symptoms (trembling, confusion, dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing)
22
Q

phobias

A
  • suffering from a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that is excessive and unreasonable given the reality of the threat
23
Q

social phobias/social anxiety disorder

A
  • public situations involving being observed by others
24
Q

specific phobias

A
  • related to types of objects or situations

- animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, not otherwise specified

25
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

obsessions= thoughts, images, impulses that recur despite efforts to suppress them and cause distress

compulsions= repetitive and purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or in a ritualized manner in response to an obsession (used to reduce discomfort)

26
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A
  • disorder characterized by persistent re-experience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or flashbacks
  • often co-morbid with other disorders (ex; depression, substance abuse)
27
Q

measures: psychological measures

A
  • self-report inventories
28
Q

measures: physiological measures

A
  • muscle tension via EMG
  • blood pressure and HR
  • skin response (temperature, sweating)
  • CNS - EEG - electroenephalography
29
Q

state anxiety

A
  • level of anxiety that an individual experiences at any given time (centred around events- I am tense before going to workout, I am worried about what others will look at)
30
Q

trait anxiety

A
  • the predisposition to perceive certain stimuli as threatening or non-threatening (ex; I lack self confidence, I feel like a failure)
31
Q

Trait vs State anxiety

A
  • personal vs environmental
  • over 20 inventories of state/trait anxiety
  • the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) - Charles spielberger
  • the STAI differentiates between the temporary condition of state anxiety and the more general and longe-standing quality of trait anxiety
32
Q

state anxiety measure

A 
- how I feel at this moment 
examples:
- I feel calm 
- i feel at ease
- I feel frightened
33
Q

trait anxiety measures

A
  • how I usually am
    examples:
  • I am a steady person
  • I lack self-confidence

higher scores= greater levels of anxiety

34
Q

cognitive anxiety

A

-characterized by worry and negative expectations

35
Q

somatic anxiety

A
  • perception of bodily states (i.e, pounding heart, sweaty hands, trembling legs, etc)
36
Q

the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI)

A
  • looks at cognitive and somatic anxiety and confidence
37
Q

PA and Anxiety Research

A
  • most research supports improvements in symptoms through exercise
  • ## anxiety reduction regardless fo intensity, duration, and exercise typeBUT, not all, some research supported no gain or increase in symptoms
  • state anxiety for acute exercise and trait for chronic exercise
  • more research on state vs trait
38
Q

consensus statements regarding exercise training and trait anxiety

A
  • training usually reduces trait anxiety (ES= .34) - minimum of 9 weeks, 10-12 great improvement, ideally > 16 weeks (ES= .90)
  • duration guidelines unclear; may be effects <20-30 mins, 3 days/week
  • Type : aerobic
  • intensity guidelines are unclear
39
Q

PA and state anxiety

A

state anxiety is reduced by acute and chronic exercise

  • meta analyses found this
  • PA decreases state anxiety (ES= .15-.56)
40
Q

PA and state anxiety; task type

A

task type- aerobic activity was found to have impact on reducing state anxiety but not weight/resistance training (only for short period of time)
- 5/20 mins - 2 (up to 6) hours post exercise bout

41
Q

PA and state anxiety; aerobic activity and intensities

A
  • aerobic activities- at least 70% of HR max (some studies show 60% or lower)
  • some studies show improvement as little as 30% HR max
  • too high may be detrimental to state anxiety
  • regardless of PA duration
  • it is as effective as relaxation, meditation, therapy, hypnosis, etc
42
Q

evidence for treatment effects of exercise

A
  • few studies on clinical samples
  • generally, least fit and most anxious people have the most to gain
  • expectations effects
  • longer treatments methods show better results
  • correlation between fitness improvements and anxiety improvements
  • vigorous exercise is not necessary
43
Q

traditional treatments

A

medications: tranquilizers (minor tranquilizers known as benzodiazepines-valium, zanax, Ativan) and anti-depressants
psychotherapy: cognitive behavioural therapy and time-limited therapies

44
Q

traditional treatments: limitations

A
  • costly
  • side effects/abuse (addiction)
  • time-consuming
45
Q

additional mechanisms of change: hypotheses

A
  • distraction-time out hypothesis
  • thermogenic hypothesis
  • core affect hypothesis

sport psychology (8 decks)

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