emotional well-being and PA Flashcards
1
Q
psychology in everyday life
A
- with the complexity of everyday life, we often have several changes in mood and experience many different emotions
- abnormal states occur in all of us
- 1 in 5 Canadians suffer form a mental disorder
- language of abnormal psychology permeates everyday conversations
2
Q
what is abnormal? discontinuity hypothesis
A
- only strong terms can accurately portray true nature of abnormal behaviour
3
Q
what is abnormal? continuity hypothesis
A
- insanity and mental illness terms should not be used
- mental disorder best viewed as a continuum that varies between mental health to mental illness
- no single “abnormal” criteria
4
Q
emotions in everyday life
A
- emotions are important in our physical life, just as they are in other aspects of our life
- during the day, an individual may experience a wealth of emotional experiences such as; angry for not achieving a goal, fear of presenting in front of your boss, surprise that your workgroup is being minimized
- emotions, personality (dispositions) & cognition (attitudes)- unstable vs stable
5
Q
emotion:
A
- positive or negative experience, generally in reaction to a stimuli
- accompanied by physiological arousal (i.e, specific event or occurrence)
- exists for a finite period of time
- have characteristic behaviour- physiological, cognitive, and behavioural
- are intense enough to disrupt thought processes
6
Q
6 basic emotions
A
- anger
- disgust
- happy
- sad
- surprised
- fear
7
Q
the content of emotions:
A
- emotions are complex and people can experience a combination of different emotions
- social communications requires accurate perception of content, as well as tone and non-verbal signals such as posture and facial expressions
- many theorists agree that basic emotions have universal meaning across cultures and even across certain species
8
Q
mood
A
- generalized feeling ( positive & negative) not identified with a particular stimulus & not sufficiently intense to interrupt ongoing thought processes
- pervasive and sustained (longer duration) emotional response that can influence a person’s perception of the world (ex; depressed mood)
9
Q
affect:
A
- an umbrella term which refers to pattern of observable behaviours associated with emotions and moods (facial expression, voice pitch)
10
Q
arousal
A
- an alertness or activation level (from deep sleep to intense alertness)
11
Q
emotion vs mood:
emotion
A
- has a short duration (seconds, minutes)
- has a rapid onset and is episodic
- has a strong intensity*
- interrupts thoughts and behaviour
- is specific and targeted
- has a single identifiable cause
12
Q
emotion vs mood: mood
A
- has a long duration (hours, days)
- has a gradual onset and is continuous
- has a weak intensity
- influences thoughts and behaviour
- is global and diffuse
- does not have a single identifiable cause
13
Q
self-conscious emotions
A
- are emotions that relate to our sense of self in repose to other’s reactions to us
- perceived or actual
- most prevalent in sport/exercise are- shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride
14
Q
emotional well-being
A
- is a greater amount of positive affect vs negative affect, and a favourable level of cognition/thoughts
15
Q
emotional well being and mental disorders
A
health conditions that are:
- characterized by alteration in thinking, mood, or behaviour ( or some combination)
- associated with distress and/or impaired functioning
-diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV) and now there is a DSM 5.
16
Q
anxiety defined
A
- pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as thinking, behaviour and physiological activity
17
Q
pathological vs normal anxiety
A
- response magnitude
- response duration
- response elicitation
- disruptiveness- impacts functioning = cognitive, social and occupational
18
Q
anxiety disorders
A
- class of disorders that involves anxiety that interfere with ability to function effectively
- disorders differ in extent that anxiety is experienced, severity of anxiety and situations that trigger disorders
19
Q
symptomatology
A
unpleasant feelings
- bodily symptoms
- changes in cognition
- changes in behaviour, ex; vigilance
20
Q
generalized anxiety disorder
A
- long lasting feelings of anxiety and worry most of the time WITHOUT specific threats or danger
- non-specific persistent fear and worry is longer lasting
- must also display physical and cognitive symptoms of impairment
- more than 6 months
21
Q
panic attack/disorder
A
- experience of unexpected and severe panic attacks that are brief in duration
- include intense psychological and physical symptoms (trembling, confusion, dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing)
22
Q
phobias
A
- suffering from a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that is excessive and unreasonable given the reality of the threat
23
Q
social phobias/social anxiety disorder
A
- public situations involving being observed by others
24
Q
specific phobias
A
- related to types of objects or situations
- animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, not otherwise specified
25
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
obsessions= thoughts, images, impulses that recur despite efforts to suppress them and cause distress
compulsions= repetitive and purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or in a ritualized manner in response to an obsession (used to reduce discomfort)
26
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- disorder characterized by persistent re-experience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or flashbacks
- often co-morbid with other disorders (ex; depression, substance abuse)
27
measures: psychological measures
- self-report inventories
28
measures: physiological measures
- muscle tension via EMG
- blood pressure and HR
- skin response (temperature, sweating)
- CNS - EEG - electroenephalography
29
state anxiety
- level of anxiety that an individual experiences at any given time (centred around events- I am tense before going to workout, I am worried about what others will look at)
30
trait anxiety
- the predisposition to perceive certain stimuli as threatening or non-threatening (ex; I lack self confidence, I feel like a failure)
31
Trait vs State anxiety
- personal vs environmental
- over 20 inventories of state/trait anxiety
- the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) - Charles spielberger
- the STAI differentiates between the temporary condition of state anxiety and the more general and longe-standing quality of trait anxiety
32
state anxiety measure
```
- how I feel at this moment
examples:
- I feel calm
- i feel at ease
- I feel frightened
```
33
trait anxiety measures
- how I usually am
examples:
- I am a steady person
- I lack self-confidence
higher scores= greater levels of anxiety
34
cognitive anxiety
-characterized by worry and negative expectations
35
somatic anxiety
- perception of bodily states (i.e, pounding heart, sweaty hands, trembling legs, etc)
36
the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI)
- looks at cognitive and somatic anxiety and confidence
37
PA and Anxiety Research
- most research supports improvements in symptoms through exercise
- anxiety reduction regardless fo intensity, duration, and exercise type
-
BUT, not all, some research supported no gain or increase in symptoms
- state anxiety for acute exercise and trait for chronic exercise
- more research on state vs trait
38
consensus statements regarding exercise training and trait anxiety
- training usually reduces trait anxiety (ES= .34) - minimum of 9 weeks, 10-12 great improvement, ideally > 16 weeks (ES= .90)
- duration guidelines unclear; may be effects <20-30 mins, 3 days/week
- Type : aerobic
- intensity guidelines are unclear
39
PA and state anxiety
state anxiety is reduced by acute and chronic exercise
- meta analyses found this
- PA decreases state anxiety (ES= .15-.56)
40
PA and state anxiety; task type
task type- aerobic activity was found to have impact on reducing state anxiety but not weight/resistance training (only for short period of time)
- 5/20 mins - 2 (up to 6) hours post exercise bout
41
PA and state anxiety; aerobic activity and intensities
- aerobic activities- at least 70% of HR max (some studies show 60% or lower)
- some studies show improvement as little as 30% HR max
- too high may be detrimental to state anxiety
- regardless of PA duration
- it is as effective as relaxation, meditation, therapy, hypnosis, etc
42
evidence for treatment effects of exercise
- few studies on clinical samples
- generally, least fit and most anxious people have the most to gain
- expectations effects
- longer treatments methods show better results
- correlation between fitness improvements and anxiety improvements
- vigorous exercise is not necessary
43
traditional treatments
medications: tranquilizers (minor tranquilizers known as benzodiazepines-valium, zanax, Ativan) and anti-depressants
psychotherapy: cognitive behavioural therapy and time-limited therapies
44
traditional treatments: limitations
- costly
- side effects/abuse (addiction)
- time-consuming
45
additional mechanisms of change: hypotheses
- distraction-time out hypothesis
- thermogenic hypothesis
- core affect hypothesis
