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Psych Biology > Social Structure and Demographics > Flashcards

Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The study of society: how we create society, how we interact within it, how we define what is normal and abnormal in society, and how we institutionalize these ideas

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2
Q

Macrosociology

A

Focuses on large groups and social structure

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3
Q

Microsociology

A

Focuses on small groups and the individual

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4
Q

Social structure

A

A system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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5
Q

Functionalism/Functional Analysis

A

The study of the structure and function of each part of society, and how these components fit together

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6
Q

Function

A

Refers to the beneficial consequences of people’s actions –> according to functionalism theorists, functions help keep society in balance

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7
Q

Dysfunctions

A

Harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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8
Q

Manifest Functions

A

Deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

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9
Q

Latent Functions

A

Unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

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10
Q

Power

A

In a sociological context, refers to a form of influence over other people

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11
Q

Conflict theory

A

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order (based on the works of karl marx)

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12
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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13
Q

Social constructionism

A

Focuses on how individuals and groups make decisions to put together their social reality

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14
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

States that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

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15
Q

Exchange Theory

A

Applies rational choice theory within social groups

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16
Q

Feminist Theory

A

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender –> theory focuses on the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination

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17
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

A phenomenon where women are often less frequently promoted in the workplace and may have more difficulty attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

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18
Q

Social Institutions

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture –> includes family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine

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19
Q

Mandate reporter

A

As a physician, one is legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse

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20
Q

Teacher Expectancy

A

Refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

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21
Q

Religion

A

Considered to be a pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence

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22
Q

Religiosity

A

Refers to how religious one considers him/herself

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23
Q

4 key tenets of medical ethics

A

Beneficience, nonmaleficience, respect for patient autonomy, justice

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24
Q

Beneficience

A

The physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests

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25
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Do no harm; the physician has a responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

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26
Q

Respect for patient autonomy

A

Physician has a responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare

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27
Q

Justice

A

The physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.

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28
Q

Culture

A

Encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

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29
Q

Material Culture

A

Includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

30
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Includes the ideas associated with/that represent a cultural group

31
Q

Cultural lag

A

The idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

32
Q

Values

A

What a person deems important in life, which dictates one’s ethical principals and standards of behaviour

33
Q

Belief

A

Something than an individual accepts to be truth

34
Q

Cultural Barriers

A

When a cultural difference impedes interaction with others

35
Q

Ritual

A

A formalized ceremonial behaviour in which members of a group or community regularly engage. Usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behaviour.
Governed by specific rules, including appropriate behaviour and a predetermined order of events

36
Q

Demographics

A

Refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. Most common demographic variables include age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

37
Q

Ageism

A

A prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

38
Q

Gender

A

Social construct that corresponds to the behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

39
Q

Gender inequality

A

The intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other.

40
Q

Race

A

A social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; these may be either real or perceived differences

41
Q

Racialization

A

Refers to the definition of establishment of a group as a particular race (e.g. judaism)

42
Q

Racial Formation Theory

A

Suggests that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

43
Q

Ethnicity

A

Also a social construct, which sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors.

44
Q

Difference between race and ethnicity?

A

One can choose whether or not to display ethnic identity, while racial identities are always on display

45
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

Describes a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, e.g. on special occasions, but do not specifically impact everyday life

46
Q

Intersectionality

A

Interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression

47
Q

Fertility rate

A

Refers to the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

48
Q

Birth rate

A

Relative to a population size over time; usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

49
Q

Mortality rate

A

The average number of deaths per population per size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

50
Q

Immigration

A

Defined as movement into a new geographic space

51
Q

Emigration

A

Movement away from a geographic space

52
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive attributions of the new location that attract the immigrant

53
Q

Push factors

A

Negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave.

54
Q

Demographic transition

A

A model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

55
Q

Stage 1 of demographic transition

A

Pre-industrial society: birth and death rates are both high

56
Q

Stage 2 of demographic transition

A

Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop

57
Q

Stage 3 of demographic transition

A

Improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy causes birth rates to drop

58
Q

Stage 4 of demographic transition

A

An industrialized society; both birth and death rates are low

59
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

60
Q

Social movements

A

Organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) change.

61
Q

Relative deprivation

A

A decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society

62
Q

Globalization

A

The process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets. Can lead to both positive and negative effects

63
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities.

64
Q

Secularize

A

Describes moving from a world dominated by religion toward rationality and scientific thinking.

65
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

66
Q

Capitalist economies

A

Focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success or failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as little intervention from central governing bodies as possible. These societies encourage division of labor, where specific components of a larger task are separated and assigned to skilled and trained individuals

67
Q

Socialist economies

A

Treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual into the system

68
Q

Ethnography

A

The study of cultures and customs

69
Q

Ethnographic methods

A

Experimental methods used to study the ethnicity or culture of a group

70
Q

Crude rate

A

Total population growth rate for a population, adjusted to a certain population size over a specific period of time and multiplied by a constant to give a whole number.

71
Q

Ghettoes

A

Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

72
Q

Slum

A

An extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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