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Psych Biology > Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Social facilitation

A

Describes the tendency of people to perform better at simple tasks when others are around

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2
Q

Deinviduation

A

The loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behaviour

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3
Q

Bystander effect

A

Describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

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4
Q

Peer Pressure

A

Refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals.

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5
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

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6
Q

Groupthink

A

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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7
Q

Culture

A

Describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviours, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture (usually uneven influence)

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9
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

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10
Q

Subcultures

A

Refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

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11
Q

Socialization

A

The process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

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12
Q

Norms

A

What determine the boundaries of acceptable behaviour within society

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13
Q

Stigma

A

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

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14
Q

Deviance

A

Refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

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15
Q

Conformity

A

Changing beliefs or behaviours in order to fit into a group or society

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16
Q

Compliance

A

Occurs when individuals change their behaviour based on the requests of others

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17
Q

Methods of gaining compliance

A

Include foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not-all-technique

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18
Q

Obedience

A

A change in behaviour based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

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19
Q

Attitudes

A

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

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20
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory

A

States that there are 4 functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression (allowing us to communicate and solidify our self-identity), adaptability (one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed), and ego defense (protect self-esteems/justify wrong actions)

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21
Q

Learning Theory

A

States that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

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22
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

States that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing, peripheral route processing)

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23
Q

Central route processing

A

high elaboration – scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information

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24
Q

Peripheral route processing

A

low elaboration – Occurs when someone evaluates a message, such as an advertisement, on the basis of physical attractiveness, background music, or other surface-level characteristics rather than the actual content of the message.
Works best when people are not that interested in the topic or product or when their understanding of it is low.

25
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

States that attitudes are formed through observation of behaviour, personal factors, and environment

26
Q

Social Action

A

Idea posed by Max Weber: defined as actions and behaviours that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

27
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar or complex tasks.

28
Q

Antinormative behaviour

A

Can be a result of deindividuation, and is behaviour against the norm

29
Q

Social loafing

A

Refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

30
Q

Identity Shift Effect

A

When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group; this causes internal conflict which the individual alleviates by adopting the group’s standards as his/her own.

31
Q

Social interaction

A

Explores the ways in which 2 or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviour

32
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

Creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

33
Q

Collective rationalization

A

Ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

34
Q

Illusion of morality

A

The belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

35
Q

Excessive stereotyping

A

Construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

36
Q

Pressure for conformity

A

Pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

37
Q

Self-censorship

A

Withholding of opposing views

38
Q

Illusion of unanimity

A

False sense of agreement within the group

39
Q

Mindguards

A

Appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

40
Q

Primary socialization

A

Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and adults in close proximity

41
Q

Secondary socialization

A

The process of learning appropriate behaviour within smaller sections of the larger society

42
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

The process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

43
Q

Resocialization

A

One discards old behaviours in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have positive or negative connotations

44
Q

Mores

A

Widely observed social norms

45
Q

Sanctions

A

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behaviour

46
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, e.g. shaking hands after a sports match

47
Q

Labeling theory

A

Posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image

48
Q

Differential association theory

A

Deviance can be learned through interaction with others, occurs when one is surrounded by deviant behaviours more numerous or intense than normative behaviour.

49
Q

Strain theory

A

Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure, e.g. obtaining American Dream

50
Q

normative conformity

A

The desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

51
Q

Internalization

A

Changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

52
Q

Identification

A

The outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas.

53
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.

54
Q

Door-in-the-face-technique

A

A large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.

55
Q

Lowball technique

A

The requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

56
Q

Thats-not-all-technique

A

An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected.

57
Q

Social cognition

A

Focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behaviour

58
Q

the 3 primary components of attitude

A

Affective, behavioural, and cognitive (ABC)
Affective is the way a person feels toward something (emotional component)
Behavioural is the way a person acts with respect to something
Cognitive is the way an individual thinks about something, usually justifying the first 2

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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