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Psych Biology > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

Takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

Considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. Goal is often to provide direct therapy (treatment that acts directly on the individual) and indirect therapy (aims to increase social support by empowering family/friends)

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3
Q

What does DSM stand for

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders –> current version is DSM-5

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4
Q

What is the DSM

A

Categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns. Psychological disorders, especially anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders, are very common

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5
Q

Scizophrenia

A

The prototypical psychotic disorder, characterized by both positive and negative symptoms. Associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, and family history. Involves high levels of dopaminergic transmission

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6
Q

Positive symptoms

A

The addition of something to behaviour/cognition, and includes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/thought, and disorganized behaviour, such as perhaps catatonia, echolalia, or echopraxia

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7
Q

Negative symptoms

A

The loss of something from behaviour, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect (inappropriate variability of facial expression etc) and avolition (decreases engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions)

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8
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

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9
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Contains at least one major depressive episode (2+ weeks), plus at least 5 other symptoms from the following:
Weight loss/gain or increase/ decrease in appetite
insomnia/hypersomnia
loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities (anhedonia)
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
fatigue/loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
indecisiveness , or reduced ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide, a suicide attempt, or a plan
Mnemonic: SIG E. CAPS
Sleep, Interest, Guilt, Energy, Concentration, Appetite, psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts

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10
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Dysthymia (persistent mild depression) for at least 2 years

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11
Q

Seasonal Affective disorder

A

Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months

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12
Q

What are typical hormonal patterns accompanying depression?

A

High levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

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13
Q

Bipolar and related disorders

A

Have manic or hypomanic episodes, and includes bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder.
Bipolar disorders are accompanied by high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, and are also highly heritable

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14
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Contains at least one manic episode with or without major depressive disorders

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15
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

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16
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Contains hypomanic episodes with periods of dysthymia

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17
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder

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18
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months

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19
Q

Specific phobias

A

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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20
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety that embarrassment may occur due to social or performance situations

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21
Q

Panic disorder

A

Marked by recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. Often accompanied by agoraphobia:

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22
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Characterized by obsessions and compulsions

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23
Q

Obsessions

A

Persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses which produce tension

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24
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life

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25
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. Individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

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26
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety). To be PTSD, certain number of these symptoms must be present for at least 1 month.

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27
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Person avoids stress by escaping from their identity. Includes dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder

28
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

An inability to recall past experience; not associated with an underlying neurological disorder, but rather trauma. May involve dissociation fugue

29
Q

Dissociation fugue

A

A sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity

30
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

The occurrence of 2 or more personalities that take control of a person’s behaviour; usually, the patient has suffered severe physical or sexual abuse as a young child

31
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization disorder

A

Involves feelings of detachment from their mind and body (depersonalization) or from their environment/surroundings (derealization).

32
Q

Somatic symptom and related disorders

A

Involves significant bodily symptoms, includes somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and conversion disorder

33
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

Involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

34
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

A preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

35
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

36
Q

Personality disorders (PD)

A

Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behaviour that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. They occur in 3 clusters: A (odd, eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic), and C (anxious, fearful).

37
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd, eccentric; includes paranoid PD, Schizotypal PD, and Schizoid PD

38
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

39
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

40
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

41
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, erratic; includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic PDs

42
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others ( 3x more common in males than females)

43
Q

Borderline PD

A

(2x more common in females than males) Instability in relationships, mood, and self-image, splitting (having difficulty holding opposing thoughts) is characteristic, as well as recurrent suicide attempts

44
Q

Histrionic PD

A

Constant attention-seeking behaviour

45
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

Grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration

46
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious, fearful; includes Avoidant PD, Dependent PD, and Obsessive-Compulsive PD

47
Q

Avoidant PD

A

Extreme shyness and fear of rejection

48
Q

Dependent PD

A

Continuous need for reassurance

49
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

A

Perfectionism, inflexibility, preoccupation with rules

50
Q

Biological Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Diffuse atrophy of the brain on CT/MRI
  • Flattened sulci in cerebral cortex
  • Enlarged cerebral ventricles
  • Deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, which is correlated with cognitive decline
  • Reduction in levels of acetylcholine
  • Reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), enzyme that produces acetylcholine
  • Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
  • Senile plaques of Beta-amyloid
  • Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
51
Q

Parkinsons’ Disease (biological)

A

Associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait. There is decreased dopamine production by cells in the substantia nigra. Depression and dementia are also common.

52
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowness of movement; one of the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s

53
Q

Resting tremor

A

Most common form of tremors associated with Parkinson’s; occurs when muscles are relaxed and still

54
Q

Pill-rolling tremor

A

Looks like you are trying to roll a pill or other object between thumb and index finger

55
Q

Masklike facies

A

Loss of facial expressions commonly associated with Parkinson’s

56
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

Rigidity in which the muscles respond with cogwheel-like jerks to the use of force in bending the limb, as occurs in Parkinson’s disease.

57
Q

What is a psychological disorder

A

Characteristic set of thoughts, feelings, or actions that cause noticeable distress to the sufferer, cause maladaptive functioning in society, or are considered deviant by the individual’s culture.

58
Q

What causes diagnosis of schizophrenia

A

Must show continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months, and this 6-month period must include at least one month of “active symptoms” (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech)

59
Q

Catatonia

A

Refers to certain motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

60
Q

Echolalia

A

Repeating another’s words

61
Q

Echopraxia

A

Imitating another’s actions

62
Q

Prodomal phase

A

A phase a patient often goes through before schizophrenia is diagnosed: exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behaviour, inappropriate effect, and unusual experiences.

63
Q

Manic episode

A 
Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least 3 of the following: DIG FAST
Distractible
Insomnia
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
Agitation
Speech (pressured)
Thoughtlessness (risky behaviour)
64
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape

65
Q

Biological Markers of Depression

A
  • Abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala
  • Hippocampal atrophy after a long duration of illness
  • Abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (monoamine theory of depression)
66
Q

Biological markers for Bipolar Disorders

A
  • Increased norepinephrine and serotonin (monoamine theory)
  • Higher risk if parent has bipolar disorder
  • Higher risk for people with multiple sclerosis.

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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