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Psych Biology > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress AND Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress AND Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

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2
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Based on external circumstances; motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding, but may lead to reward

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3
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Based on internal drive or perception; motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

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4
Q

Primary factors that influence emotion

A

Instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

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5
Q

Instincts

A

Innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli. It may be consistent throughout life, or it may appear or disappear with time

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6
Q

Instinct theory of motivation

A

People perform certain behaviours because of evolutionary programmed instincts

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal. Simple tasks generally require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks.

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9
Q

Drives

A

Are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals

Internal state generated by physiological needs/departures from physiological optimality

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10
Q

Primary drives

A

motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis. Includes need for food, water, and warmth

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11
Q

Secondary drives

A

Motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires. Stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions

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12
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

States that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states. Satisfying needs may also drive motivation

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13
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

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14
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy (the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas), competence (the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks), and relatedness (the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships).

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15
Q

Incentive theory

A

Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments; not by need or arousal

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16
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

States that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

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17
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

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18
Q

Emotion

A

The state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

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19
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion

A

Cognitive (subjective interpretation), behavioural (facial expressions and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system)

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20
Q

7 universal emotions?

A

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

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21
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled

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22
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

The simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

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23
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response

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24
Q

Limbic system

A

The primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

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25
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved with attention, fear, and aggression; helps interpret facial expressions; part of intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

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26
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behaviour, and addiction

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27
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called a fornix

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28
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and involved with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions. Also receives arousal input from brainstem. Left Prefrontal cortex associated with pos. emotions and right with neg. emotions.

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29
Q

Stress

A

The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

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30
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat; classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

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31
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

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32
Q

Stressors can lead to what 2 general reactions

A

Distress or eustress

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33
Q

Distress

A

Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

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34
Q

Eustress

A

Positive response one may have to a stressor; occurs as a result of positive conditions

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35
Q

3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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36
Q

Self-concept

A

The sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

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37
Q

Identities

A

Individual components of our self-concept related to groups to which we belong, e.g. religious affiliation, sexual orientation, etc.

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38
Q

Reference group

A

Group to which we compare ourselves.

E.g. 2 individuals with the same qualities might see themselves differently depending on how those qualities compare to their reference group

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39
Q

Self-esteem

A

Describes evaluation of ourselves

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40
Q

What generally results in higher self-esteem

A

The closer our actual self (the way we see ourselves currently) is to our ideal self (who we want to be) and our ought self (who others want us to be), the higher our self-esteem will be

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41
Q

Self-efficacy

A

The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a skill or in a given situation; basically our belief in our ability to succeed

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42
Q

What happens to our self-efficacy when we are continually placed in a consistently hopeless scenario

A

Diminishes to the point where learned helplessness results

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43
Q

Locus of control

A

Self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives; internal and external.

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44
Q

Libido

A

A person’s overall sex drive, the tensions of which give rise to Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality disorders.

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45
Q

Fixation

A

Occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development; causes personality disorders and neurosis

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46
Q

Freud’s psychosexual phases

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital

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47
Q

What is the basis of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

Conflicts that occur throughout life between needs and social demands (e.g. trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, etc.)

48
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

Describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas –> 6 stages divided into 3 main phases: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

49
Q

Common ways children learn from others

A

Imitation and role-taking

50
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective on personality

A

Views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires

51
Q

id

A

base urges of survival and reproduction. Functions according to the pleasure principle and the primary process

52
Q

superego

A

the idealist and perfectionist. Divided into the conscience (collection of improper ideas for which a child is punished) and the ego-ideal (consists of these proper actions for which a child is rewarded).

53
Q

ego

A

the mediator between the id and and the superego and the conscious mind. Functions according to the reality principle and the secondary process

54
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization

55
Q

What do type and trait theorists believe

A

That personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviours (eg Myers-Briggs Type Inventory)

56
Q

The Big 5 traits

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

57
Q

Allport’s 3 basic types of traits

A

cardinal, central, and secondary

58
Q

Cardinal traits

A

traits around which a person organizes his or her life; not everyone develops a cardinal trait

59
Q

Central traits

A

Represent major characteristics of the personality

60
Q

Secondary traits

A

More personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence

61
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A

Holds that individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism

62
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

People mold their enviornments according to their personalites, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

63
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

Based on the concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviours one has learned from prior rewards and punishments

64
Q

Biological perspective

A

Claims that behaviour can be explained as a result of genetic expression

65
Q

What brain area is most involved at distinguishing and interpreting others’ facial expressions?

A

The temporal lobe, with some input from the occipital lobe. Also lateralized; the RH is more active when discerning facial expressions than the left.

66
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with attention and cognition

67
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

68
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

69
Q

What are the 2 stages of cognitive appraisal

A

Primary and secondary appraisal

70
Q

Reappraisal

A

Ongoing monitoring of a situation

71
Q

Self-schema

A

A self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities

72
Q

Hierarchy of salience

A

Believed to be how we organize our identities, such that we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

73
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Maintains that each of us has three selves

74
Q

Oral Stage

A

(0-1 yr): libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency

75
Q

Anal Stage

A

(1-3 yrs): Libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through elimination and retention of waste materials. Fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness

76
Q

Phallic/Oedipal stage

A

(3-5 yrs): Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved during this stage by identifying with the same sex parent.

77
Q

Latency

A

5-puberty: libido is largely sublimated during this stage

78
Q

Genital stage

A

puberty-adulthood: if previous stages have been successfully resolved, person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships

79
Q

The conflicts in order of erikson’s psychosocial development

A 
Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yr)
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 yrs)
initiative vs. guilt (3-6 yrs)
industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs)
identity vs. role confusion (12-20 yrs)
intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 yrs)
generativity vs. stagnation (40-65 yrs)
integrity vs. despair (65+ yrs)
80
Q

preconventional morality

A

2 stages: obedience and self-interest; instrumental relativist stage.
Preadolescence

81
Q

Conventional morality

A

2 stages: conformity (understanding social rules) and law and order (maintains social rule in highest regard)
Adolescence to adulthood

82
Q

Postconventional morality

A

2 stages: social contract (moral rules) and universal human ethics (reasons that decision should be made in consideration of abstract principles)

83
Q

zone of proximal development

A

Les Vygotsky’s concept, referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development

84
Q

theory of mind

A

The ability to sense how another mind works; once this ability is developed, we begin to recognize and react to how others think about us

85
Q

Looking-glass self

A

How our reactions to how others perceive us can be varied and may result in us maintaining, modifying, downplaying, or accentuating different aspects of our personality

86
Q

Reference group

A

Who we compare ourselves to

87
Q

Personality

A

The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviours that are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations

88
Q

Theories of personality are categorized into what four areas

A

psychoanalytic, humanistic, type and trait, and behaviourist

89
Q

Pleasure principle

A

The aim is the achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension

90
Q

Primary process

A

The id’s response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later

91
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Mental imagery, such as daydreaming or fantasy, that fulfills the need for immediate satisfaction

92
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

The ego’s recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego. they have 2 common characteristics: first, they deny, falsify, or distort reality; second, they operate unconsciously.

93
Q

What are the main 8 defense mechanisms

A

repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation

94
Q

Repression

A

The ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious and and underlies many of the other defense mechanisms, the aim of of which is to disguise threatening impulses that may find their way back from the unconscious

95
Q

Suppression

A

A more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

96
Q

Regression

A

Reversion to an earlier developmental state, e.g. when faced with stress

97
Q

Reaction formation

A

When individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

98
Q

Projection

A

The defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others

99
Q

Rationalization

A

The justification of behaviours in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

100
Q

Displacement

A

Describes the transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another

101
Q

Sublimation

A

The transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviours

102
Q

Jung’s psychoanalytic theory

A

Jung identified the ego as the conscious mind, and he divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious, similar to Freud’s notion of the unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

103
Q

Important Jungian archetypes

A

Persona – the aspect of our personality we present to the world
Anima – a “man’s inner woman”
Animus – a “woman’s inner man”
Shadow – unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

104
Q

Jung’s 3 dichotomies of personality

A

Extraversion vs introversion
Sensing vs. intuiting (working with information abstractly)
Thinking vs. Feelings

105
Q

Alfred Adler’s theory

A

Focused on the immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors.
Was the originator of the concept of the inferiority complex and believed striving for superiority drives the personality.

106
Q

Fictional finalism

A

Another important concept in Adler’s theory of personality; the notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences

107
Q

Horney’s primary concept

A

Basic anxiety; vulnerability and helplessness caused by inadequate parenting, and basic hostility: neglect and rejection cause anger

108
Q

Object relations theory

A

Also falls under the realm of psychodynamic theories of personality; object refers to the representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy.

109
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

A form of humanism in which practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him to individual behaviours or drives.

110
Q

Kurt Lewin’s force field theory

A

Defined the field as one’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces (influences) on the individual at that time: forces could be divided into 2 large groups –> those assisting in our attainment of goals and those blocking the path to them

111
Q

Abraham Maslow’s peak experiences

A

Self-actualized people are more likely than people who are not to have profound and deeply moving experiences

112
Q

George Kelly’s personal construct psychology

A

Theorized that the individual constructs a scheme of anticipation of what others will do, based on his or her knowledge, perception, and relationships with these other people.

113
Q

Carl Rogers’ client-centered/person-centered/nondirective therapy

A

Helps the client reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, and determine his or her own destiny.

114
Q

Type theorists

A

Attempt to create a taxonomy of personality types

115
Q

Trait theorists

A

Describe individual personality as the sum of a persons’ characterisitcs behaviours

116
Q

Eysencks PEN model

A

Psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism

117
Q

Functional autonomy

A

A major part of Allport’s theory: a behaviour continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behaviour

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