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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Social Stratification > Flashcards

Social Stratification Flashcards

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1
Q

ascribed status

A

involuntary
based on what we look like, how we are described, what we surround ourselves with
ex: race, ethnicity, gender, social class

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2
Q

achieved status

A

voluntary
based on what we do/achieve; reflects our efforts and work
ex: doctor, ex-con, park ranger

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3
Q

master status

A

the status that dominates above other perceptions; often shapes a person’s whole life
can be ascribed or achieved
ex: occupation, wealth, marital status, religion, parenthood

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4
Q

stratification

A

dividing groups or people into different layers of society

often includes separation of social classes

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5
Q

Meritocracy

A

success and status are based on an individuals talents, abilities, and effort
people advance based on their merits

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6
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

changing of social status between generations

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7
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

changing of a family’s social status within the same generation

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8
Q

Social reproduction

A

passing down of social inequalities; process that ensures propitiation of a social structure over time
ex: poor family won’t have enough money to send child to school, therefore the child won’t be able to get a good job so they remain poor

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9
Q

relative poverty

A

when the household makes 50% less than what the average median income

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10
Q

absolute poverty

A

a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services.

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11
Q

socioeconomic status

A

social standing of a group or individual

combined total measure of person’s income, education, and occupation

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12
Q

generational status

A

refers to the status of individuals based on where they were born and reside

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13
Q

anomie

A

lacking social norms
lack of social and ethical standards
lack of rules, structure, and organization

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14
Q

cultural assimilation

A
  • when a minority group gives up their own norms and beliefs to better fit into a new society
  • comes to resemble a dominant group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group
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15
Q

ethnocentricism

A

judging another culture based on preconceived notions; often thinking your culture is the best
ex: telling a person of color to “go back to where they came from”

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16
Q

traditional authority

A

the queen of england

- seen as having power because of the legitimate power as queen

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17
Q

charismatic authority

A

Mr. Rogers had power because he was so kind to others

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18
Q

rational-legal authority

A

having power because of your extensive knowledge/training

ex: doctors

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19
Q

medicalization

A

the process of seeing human behavior and characteristics as medical conditions

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20
Q

Functionalism

A

proposed by Emily Durkheim
everyone in society must work together to maintain societal balance (homeostasis)
believes that society is an organism

large societies stay together because of interdependence
small societies stay together due to similarities

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21
Q

Manifest functions

A

intended, obvious purposes of social structure

ex: social media being used keep in touch with people

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22
Q

latent function

A

unintended purposes of social structure

ex: social media being used by the police to find someone

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23
Q

social constructionism

A

bringing together multiple ideas from different perspectives to create reality
people actively shape reality through social interactions

results in agreed-on, shared meanings

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24
Q

social construct

A

something that everyone in society agrees upon

ex: money, gender, behaviors

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25
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

small-scale view
small interactions between individuals based on shared symbols
see society as a buildup of everyday typical interactions

allow people to act based on ascribed meanings

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26
Q

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

there are two paths of persuasion - central and peripheral

central: think, analyze, draw conclusions (works when you know the topic)
peripheral: superficial details about how likable the speaker is, catchphrases, slogans (works for people who don’t understand the topic)

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27
Q

dramaturgical perspective

A

individuals behave as actors to fit into societal norms

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28
Q

intersectionality

A

we are a mixture of sex/gender, race, social class, and age

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29
Q

racialization

A

one group decides what defines another group

usually based on discrimination

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30
Q

cultural transmission

A

passing of culture down between generations

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31
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Karl Marx
those with power want to stay in power; that is how social order is maintained

everyone competes for limited resources; work to maximize benefits for themselves

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32
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

want to maximize benefits and minimize loss

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33
Q

Exchange Theory

A

rational choice extended to groups interactions
carry out actions to avoid punishment from the group or to get reward from the group
- act normal to fit in with society to avoid ridicule

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34
Q

internal locus of control

A

we are in charge of our own actions; if something turns out well it is because we earned it/worked for it

35
Q

external locus of control

A

we are not responsible for our own actions; when we fail an exam it is because of external factors affecting us

36
Q

discrimination

A

acting unjust towards someone based prejudicial attitudes

based on actual actions

37
Q

individual discrimination

A

one person discriminating against one person or a group

38
Q

institutional discrimination

A

an institution discriminating against a certain person/group of people

39
Q

cultural relativism

A

accepting another culture as it is without comparison to your own

40
Q

confirmation bias

A

using new information as confirmation to what you already have

41
Q

false consciousness

A

misperception of one’s actual position in society

ex: makes it seem like health is only your issue when getting doctor’s appointments is subject to social class

42
Q

class consciousness

A 
when you understand how class plays into your position in society 
ex: how class plays into health equity
43
Q

activity approach to aging

A

remaining physically and socially active improves quality of life for older adults

44
Q

continuity approach to aging

A

keeping habits and behaviors from their youth

45
Q

disengagement approach to aging

A

withdraw from social relationships before society withdraws from you

46
Q

life course approach to aging

A

aging viewed holistically

aging individuals influence and are influenced by broader contexts in which they live

47
Q

dependency ratio

A

(# child dependents) + (# retired dependents)/(# people in workforce) x 100

proportion of unproductive to productive members in a society

48
Q

front-stage self

A

behavior in social settings when others are around
impression management: shaping how others perceive you
focus on appearance

49
Q

back-stage self

A

behavior in private

behavior is spontaneous and free from evaluation or judgment by others

50
Q

reconstructive bias

A

memories of the past are not reliable especially during high stress situations

51
Q

social desirability

A

people respond to surveys in a way that will make them look better than they are

52
Q

representative heuristics

A

tendency to make decisions based on standard representations of those events

jumping to conclusions about someone/something based on pre-existing stereotypes

ex: someone with a flashy car and who is competitive and muscular

representative heuristics would have people believing he is an athlete while in reality it is more likely he is a lawyer because there are less professional athletes.

53
Q

available heuristics

A

tendency to make decisions based on the availability of similar memories

54
Q

belief bias/belief perseverance

A

judging things based on your beliefs instead of sound logic

ex: during election ignoring facts about someone you like

55
Q

fundamental attribution bias

A

when one attributes other people’s behaviors on internal factors instead of external/situational factors

56
Q

actor-observer bias

A

focus on our failures being external but other peoples are internal

ex: I failed the test because I couldn’t sleep last night and am tired. Sarah failed the test because she is stupid

57
Q

self-serving bias

A

credit success to self (internal) and failures to others (external)

ex: I did well on the exam because I am smart. I didn’t get the internship because the panel was stupid

58
Q

attribution error

A

when people drop out of the experiment or study

59
Q

demography

A

measures statistical parameters

includes: race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, class, and socioeconomic status

60
Q

absolute mobility

A

living standards increases in absolute terms: you are better off than your parents, your kids will be better off than you

61
Q

gentrification

A

high-income residents moving into low-income urban areas, resulting in renovation and increased property values that displace the lower-income residents

62
Q

spatial inequality

A

unequal distribution of wealth and resources across a geographical area

lower SES residential areas have more environmental toxins, higher crime rates, and low green spaces

63
Q

residential segregation

A

physical separation of groups by social characteristics such as race/ethnicity and SES

64
Q

environmental injustice

A

segregated neighborhoods get decreased environmental benefits and increased environmental burdens

65
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

occurs when one believes that the world is fair and good things happen to those that work hard and are good while bad things happen to people who are bad and lazy

66
Q

attribution biases

A

cognitive biases that occur when individuals attempt to understand their own behavior or the behavior of others

67
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when a belief about oneself causes behavior that makes the belief come true

ex: I think that I am bad at physics, therefore I don’t do well on the physics portions because I freak out about not being good

68
Q

culture

A

behaviors, beliefs, and general way of life as a particular society at a particular time

69
Q

acculturation

A

adapting to culture of a new country

70
Q

cultural lag

A

social problems created by a time delay between rapid changes in material culture and slower changes in nonmaterial culture

ex: in the 1800s, children began getting summers off to help with farming (fast material culture) and this is still in place today (slower nonmaterial culture)

only affects societies, not individuals

71
Q

culture shock

A

unpleasant emotions associated with a new culture
experience disorientation, anxiety, and fear because of language barriers, unfamiliar symbols, different norms/values, and difficulty interpreting behaviors

72
Q

framing effects

A

how you present information affects the decision

ex: 100% chance that 200 people are saved vs 100% chance 400 people die are the same thing when have 600 people

73
Q

cultural capital

A

nonfinancial and nonsocial network assets that confer advantange in society

includes education, hard work, attractiveness, etc that will give you a boost in society or have beneficial aspects

74
Q

social capital

A

includes an individual’s social network

the investments that people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards

who an individual knows can help them advance in society

ex: knowing a friend who works at NASA can get you a job in NASA

75
Q

economic capital

A

describes an individual’s tangible financial assets

ex: property, money/income, assets

76
Q

human capital

A

the collective skill and experience possessed by the individuals in an organization

all of the additional things people bring to the table in an organization that will help that organization thrive

includes knowledge or skill set

77
Q

social stratification

A

hierarchical organization of individuals in society based on social class, social status, and power

78
Q

social class

A

largely determined by economic resources

wealthy people on top of pyramid 
working class makes up the base of the pyramid
79
Q

social status

A

refers to one’s prestige (reputation)

certain careers, personal characteristics, and achievements confer status that is not necessarily tied to wealth

80
Q

Power

A

ability to control or affect others’ behavior

based on unequal distribution of valued resources

certain careers and accomplishments increase one’s power

81
Q

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A

positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes

individuals with lower SES tend to have worse health outcomes than those with higher SES

82
Q

prestige

A

the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea

physicians often are highly viewed and respected

83
Q

two types of social network

A

situational (socioeconomic advantage) and positional (based on how connected one is within a network and ones centrality within that network)

84
Q

privilege

A

inequalities in networks create priviledge or inequality in opportunity

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (12 decks)

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