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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Gardener’s Theory of 8 Intelligences

A

linguistics, mathematics, music, visual-spatial, body-kinetics, interpersonal, and interpersonal
all are part of our intelligence

garden of different ideas that blossom into intelligence

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2
Q

Spearman’s general intelligence factor

A

the better we do on standardized tests, the more intelligent we are

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3
Q

Binet’s idea of mental age

A

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

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4
Q

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

intelligence is passed on through families based on heredity and environment

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

bringing new information into already developed schema

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6
Q

Accomodation

A

adjusting information in a schema to better fit the situation
ex: while a cat has 4 legs like a dog, it is a cat instead of a dog

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7
Q

sensorimotor

A

Piaget
birth-2 years
babies manipulate their environment to get a better understanding
ends with object permanence

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8
Q

preoperational

A

Piaget
2-6 years old
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration (being able to only focus on one aspect of something ex: the glass that is tallest will hold the most liquid)

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9
Q

concrete operational

A

Piaget
7-11 years old
logical thought and reasoning, understanding different perspectives

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10
Q

postoperational

A

Piaget
12+ years old
understanding abstract thoughts and problem solving

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11
Q

Heuristics

A

rule of thumb

something that easily comes to mind

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12
Q

available heuristics

A

something that easily comes to mind

hearing about a shark attack, now you think they are more likely

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13
Q

representative heuristics

A

categorizing information based on preconceived pockets of information

ex: woman in scrubs most likely a nurse instead of a surgeon

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14
Q

hindsight bias

A

learning something afterwards and stating that it was what you were thinking of all along

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15
Q

multitasking

A

attending to more than one stimulus/task at a time
impacted by task similarity, difficulty, and practice

ex: easier to perform 2 dissimilar tasks, easier to perform simpler tasks, and easier to perform known tasks

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16
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

turning maladaptive thoughts into ones that are healthy

uses systematic desensitization to gradually and systematically expose the individual to the feared stimulus while actively modifying behavior using coping or relaxation techniques

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17
Q

humanistic therapy

A

empowers individuals toward self-actualization

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18
Q

psychoanalytic/talk therapy

A

uncovers unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shaped behaviors

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19
Q

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

describes 2 routes (central vs peripheral) of persuasion

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20
Q

central route of persuasion

A

deep, meaningful information with well-reasoned argument emphasizing logical content

most effective when people are highly motivated and willing to listen

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21
Q

peripheral route of persuasion

A

superficial information

most effective when people have low motivation and aren’t willing to listen

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22
Q

electroencephalogram

A

EEG

measures brain activity patterns reflective of sleep and waking states

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23
Q

alpha wave

A

awake, relaxed

high frequency, low amplitude

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24
Q

beta wave

A

awake, alert

highest frequency, low amplitude

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25
Q

REM

A

like you are awake and alert except body paralyzed
this is when dreams occur
looks like beta waves

longest REM cycle occurs in the last sleep cycle, right before you wake up

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26
Q

sleep stage 2

A 
sleep spindles (bursts of high frequency) and K complex (increase in wavelength) 
mostly theta waves

increased relaxation

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27
Q

sleep stage 1

A

alpha (low frequency) beginning of stage 1
theta waves (even lower frequency)
light sleep

fleeting thoughts
hallucinations
muscle twitches
heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and body temperature drop

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28
Q

stages 3 and 4 sleep

A

delta waves
deep sleep

slow wave sleep
low frequency, high amplitude
associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation
increased growth hormone released

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29
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

Hobson’s way to make sense of dreams

dreaming is caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry that our brain attempts to make sense of

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30
Q

problem-solving dream theory

A

dreams are a way to solve problems while you sleep

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31
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

dreams are just thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur while we are sleeping

just normal stream of consciousness stuff

32
Q

neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

puts together biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming

33
Q

dyssomnias

A

disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

most likely to occur in adulthood

include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

34
Q

parasomnias

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

most likely to occur during childhood

include night terrors and sleepwalking

35
Q

narcolepsy

A

lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep

cataplexy: loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion fo REM sleep during waking hours, usually emotionally triggered

36
Q

hypnagogic halluciations

A

hallucinations when going to bed

hypnaGogic = Going to bed

37
Q

hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when waking up

hypnaPompic = Popping out of bed

38
Q

When is the longest REM period?

A

the last sleep cycle of the night, right before you wake up

39
Q

What happens to heart rate as you sleep

A

drops from stage 1 to 4
will increase during REM

same goes for respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature

40
Q

What occurs physiologically during REM sleep?

A

heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure increase or become irregular

body temperature drops to its lowest point

41
Q

Behaviorist/Learning Perspective of Language

A

learning through operant conditions
language imitation and practice

Skinner
children learn through reinforcement
doesn’t explain why children can produce words they’ve never heard before

42
Q

nativist perspective of language

A

Noam Chomsky
innate and biologically determined
language acquisition occurs during critical period in development - early in age

all children have a language acquisition device (aka universal grammar) that allowed them to learn language

43
Q

interactionist perspective of language

A

biologically and socially driven
Vygotsky

children desire to communicate with adults - drive to learn language

44
Q

universalism theory

A

cognition controls language

45
Q

Piaget theory

A

cognition influences language

46
Q

Vygotsky theory

A

cognition and language develop independently as a product of social interaction

believes that cognition is a product of socialization
language arises out of necessity for social communication

47
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

language shapes cognition

speakers of different languages utilize different cognitive processes that influence how they think

language shapes how we experience the world

48
Q

linguistic relativity perspective

A

part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

language influences cognition

49
Q

linguistic determinism

A

part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language controls cognition

without language there is no thought

50
Q

What is the critical period of language development?

A

under the age of 12 if when language learning should really take effect for it to make the most impact and be the easiest to learn

usually starts declining around the age of 8

51
Q

auditory cortex

A

processing of auditory information

52
Q

Broca area

A

language production

located in the frontal lobe

53
Q

Wernicke area

A

language comprehension

located in the temporal lobe by auditory cortex

54
Q

primary visual cortex

A

located in occipital lobe

processes visual input

55
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

located in parietal lobe
primarily responsible for integrating sensory information about the body like where the limbs are located or touch sensation

56
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin

light dependent process

57
Q

what happens to cortisol levels during sleep

A

peaks after waking up

lowest just before sleep

58
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

within the hypothalamus
regulates circadian pacemaker

photoreceptors in retina project information on light levels which the suprachiasmatic nucleus uses to determine meltatonin secretion from pineal gland

59
Q

What happens to the body in low light?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives low light from photoreceptors
this will signal pineal gland to secrete melatonin which helps us sleep

60
Q

delta waves

A

deep sleep

61
Q

theta waves

A

drowsiness, right after you fall asleep

62
Q

sleep spindles

A

show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves)

inhibit certain perceptions so maintain tranquil state during sleep. Can sleep through loud noises

quick burst of high frequency

63
Q

K complexes

A

show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves)

suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep

increased wavelengths

64
Q

semantic network

A

concepts organized in mind with connected ideas

65
Q

intelligence

A

mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations - uses numerical score to measure aptitude

66
Q

fluid intelligence

A

reasons quickly and abstractly

tends to decrease with age

67
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

increases or stays constant into adulthood

68
Q

three main types of intelligence

A

analytical (academics)
creative (generate novel ideas and adapt)
practical (solve ill defined problems)

69
Q

fixed mindset

A

believes intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

70
Q

growth mindset

A

intelligence is changeable if you learn more

these people tend to accomplish more

71
Q

Jung’s theory on dreams

A

common things in dreams have similar meanings

agreed with Freud that dreams are unconscious forces in psyche

looked forward - wondering where dreams might be leading and how they can reveal future development

suggests deeper meaning to dreams

we don’t always have to interpret or understanding dreams

72
Q

reticular formation

A

set of connected nuclei in the brain stem that are responsible for regulating arousal and sleep wake transitions

73
Q

Theory of Universal Grammar

A

all languages are alike in structural foundation and because of common grammar rules and patterns, we can learn to speak without formal instruction

74
Q

shadowing

A

cognitive test in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word while there are other stimuli playing in the background

75
Q

difference between ignoring and repressing?

A

ignoring is a conscious, controlled process

repressing is a Freudian concept where you prevent unacceptable information from entering your brain. Used as a defense mechanism to prevent anxiety

76
Q

IQ scoring

A

the average is 100 with 68% of the population falling between 85 - 115 because the standard deviation is 15

77
Q

reticular activating system

A

part of the CNS that is activated in stressful situations

diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem that connect to the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum

mediates consciousness

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (12 decks)

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