Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
Gardener’s Theory of 8 Intelligences
linguistics, mathematics, music, visual-spatial, body-kinetics, interpersonal, and interpersonal
all are part of our intelligence
garden of different ideas that blossom into intelligence
Spearman’s general intelligence factor
the better we do on standardized tests, the more intelligent we are
Binet’s idea of mental age
IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100
Galton’s idea of hereditary genius
intelligence is passed on through families based on heredity and environment
Assimilation
bringing new information into already developed schema
Accomodation
adjusting information in a schema to better fit the situation
ex: while a cat has 4 legs like a dog, it is a cat instead of a dog
sensorimotor
Piaget
birth-2 years
babies manipulate their environment to get a better understanding
ends with object permanence
preoperational
Piaget
2-6 years old
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration (being able to only focus on one aspect of something ex: the glass that is tallest will hold the most liquid)
concrete operational
Piaget
7-11 years old
logical thought and reasoning, understanding different perspectives
postoperational
Piaget
12+ years old
understanding abstract thoughts and problem solving
Heuristics
rule of thumb
something that easily comes to mind
available heuristics
something that easily comes to mind
hearing about a shark attack, now you think they are more likely
representative heuristics
categorizing information based on preconceived pockets of information
ex: woman in scrubs most likely a nurse instead of a surgeon
hindsight bias
learning something afterwards and stating that it was what you were thinking of all along
multitasking
attending to more than one stimulus/task at a time
impacted by task similarity, difficulty, and practice
ex: easier to perform 2 dissimilar tasks, easier to perform simpler tasks, and easier to perform known tasks
cognitive behavioral therapy
turning maladaptive thoughts into ones that are healthy
uses systematic desensitization to gradually and systematically expose the individual to the feared stimulus while actively modifying behavior using coping or relaxation techniques
humanistic therapy
empowers individuals toward self-actualization
psychoanalytic/talk therapy
uncovers unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shaped behaviors
elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
describes 2 routes (central vs peripheral) of persuasion
central route of persuasion
deep, meaningful information with well-reasoned argument emphasizing logical content
most effective when people are highly motivated and willing to listen
peripheral route of persuasion
superficial information
most effective when people have low motivation and aren’t willing to listen
electroencephalogram
EEG
measures brain activity patterns reflective of sleep and waking states
alpha wave
awake, relaxed
high frequency, low amplitude
beta wave
awake, alert
highest frequency, low amplitude
REM
like you are awake and alert except body paralyzed
this is when dreams occur
looks like beta waves
longest REM cycle occurs in the last sleep cycle, right before you wake up
sleep stage 2
sleep spindles (bursts of high frequency) and K complex (increase in wavelength) mostly theta waves
increased relaxation
sleep stage 1
alpha (low frequency) beginning of stage 1
theta waves (even lower frequency)
light sleep
fleeting thoughts
hallucinations
muscle twitches
heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and body temperature drop
stages 3 and 4 sleep
delta waves
deep sleep
slow wave sleep
low frequency, high amplitude
associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation
increased growth hormone released
activation-synthesis theory
Hobson’s way to make sense of dreams
dreaming is caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry that our brain attempts to make sense of
problem-solving dream theory
dreams are a way to solve problems while you sleep
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are just thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur while we are sleeping
just normal stream of consciousness stuff
neurocognitive models of dreaming
puts together biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming
dyssomnias
disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
most likely to occur in adulthood
include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
parasomnias
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
most likely to occur during childhood
include night terrors and sleepwalking
narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep
cataplexy: loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion fo REM sleep during waking hours, usually emotionally triggered
hypnagogic halluciations
hallucinations when going to bed
hypnaGogic = Going to bed
hypnopompic hallucinations
hallucinations when waking up
hypnaPompic = Popping out of bed
When is the longest REM period?
the last sleep cycle of the night, right before you wake up
What happens to heart rate as you sleep
drops from stage 1 to 4
will increase during REM
same goes for respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature
What occurs physiologically during REM sleep?
heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure increase or become irregular
body temperature drops to its lowest point
Behaviorist/Learning Perspective of Language
learning through operant conditions
language imitation and practice
Skinner
children learn through reinforcement
doesn’t explain why children can produce words they’ve never heard before
nativist perspective of language
Noam Chomsky
innate and biologically determined
language acquisition occurs during critical period in development - early in age
all children have a language acquisition device (aka universal grammar) that allowed them to learn language
interactionist perspective of language
biologically and socially driven
Vygotsky
children desire to communicate with adults - drive to learn language
universalism theory
cognition controls language
Piaget theory
cognition influences language
Vygotsky theory
cognition and language develop independently as a product of social interaction
believes that cognition is a product of socialization
language arises out of necessity for social communication
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language shapes cognition
speakers of different languages utilize different cognitive processes that influence how they think
language shapes how we experience the world
linguistic relativity perspective
part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language influences cognition
linguistic determinism
part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language controls cognition
without language there is no thought
What is the critical period of language development?
under the age of 12 if when language learning should really take effect for it to make the most impact and be the easiest to learn
usually starts declining around the age of 8
auditory cortex
processing of auditory information
Broca area
language production
located in the frontal lobe
Wernicke area
language comprehension
located in the temporal lobe by auditory cortex
primary visual cortex
located in occipital lobe
processes visual input
somatosensory cortex
located in parietal lobe
primarily responsible for integrating sensory information about the body like where the limbs are located or touch sensation
pineal gland
releases melatonin
light dependent process
what happens to cortisol levels during sleep
peaks after waking up
lowest just before sleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus
within the hypothalamus
regulates circadian pacemaker
photoreceptors in retina project information on light levels which the suprachiasmatic nucleus uses to determine meltatonin secretion from pineal gland
What happens to the body in low light?
the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives low light from photoreceptors
this will signal pineal gland to secrete melatonin which helps us sleep
delta waves
deep sleep
theta waves
drowsiness, right after you fall asleep
sleep spindles
show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves)
inhibit certain perceptions so maintain tranquil state during sleep. Can sleep through loud noises
quick burst of high frequency
K complexes
show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves)
suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep
increased wavelengths
semantic network
concepts organized in mind with connected ideas
intelligence
mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations - uses numerical score to measure aptitude
fluid intelligence
reasons quickly and abstractly
tends to decrease with age
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
increases or stays constant into adulthood
three main types of intelligence
analytical (academics)
creative (generate novel ideas and adapt)
practical (solve ill defined problems)
fixed mindset
believes intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
growth mindset
intelligence is changeable if you learn more
these people tend to accomplish more
Jung’s theory on dreams
common things in dreams have similar meanings
agreed with Freud that dreams are unconscious forces in psyche
looked forward - wondering where dreams might be leading and how they can reveal future development
suggests deeper meaning to dreams
we don’t always have to interpret or understanding dreams
reticular formation
set of connected nuclei in the brain stem that are responsible for regulating arousal and sleep wake transitions
Theory of Universal Grammar
all languages are alike in structural foundation and because of common grammar rules and patterns, we can learn to speak without formal instruction
shadowing
cognitive test in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word while there are other stimuli playing in the background
difference between ignoring and repressing?
ignoring is a conscious, controlled process
repressing is a Freudian concept where you prevent unacceptable information from entering your brain. Used as a defense mechanism to prevent anxiety
IQ scoring
the average is 100 with 68% of the population falling between 85 - 115 because the standard deviation is 15
reticular activating system
part of the CNS that is activated in stressful situations
diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem that connect to the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum
mediates consciousness
