Identity and Personality Flashcards
Preconventional morality
Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
age: pre-adolescence
1. obedience - concerned with getting in trouble
2. self interest - wanting to gain rewards and avoid punishment
Conventional morality
Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
age: adolescence
3. Conformity - want to fit in with society
4. Law - want to maintain social order, don’t break laws
Postconventional morality
Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
age: adulthood (if at all)
5. social contract - want to ensure the greater social good
6. universal human ethics - taking the whole picture and considering the ethics behind each decision
Id
Freud
instincts
sex, hunger, pleasures
ego
Freud
balance between id and superego - reality
superego
Freud
morality
want to ensure we are doing what is right
Erickson’s stage theory: infancy
age: 0-1
trust vs mistrust
ability to have faith in others
Erickson’s stage theory: early childhood
age: 1-3
autonomy vs shame/doubt
sense of self control and independence
Erickson’s stage theory: play age
age: 3-6
initiative vs guilt
finding their place/purpose
Erickson’s stage theory: school age
age: 6-12
industry vs inferiority
finding confidence and competence
Erickson’s stage theory: adolescence
age: 12-19
identity vs confusion
figuring out who you are
Erickson’s stage theory: early adulthood
age: 20-25
intimacy vs isolation
figuring out how to love and accept love
Erickson’s stage theory: middle adulthood
age: 26-64
generosity vs self absorbance
finding out whether their life has real meaning
concern for others and society
Erickson’s stage theory: old age
age: 65-death
integrity vs despair
upon reflection, may feel despair or success for their life
social identity
how one’s self concept is shaped by group membership
define individuals in comparison/relation to others
personal identity
how one’s self concept is shaped by more private or individual characteristics
illness experience
symbolic interactionist perspective that examines how individuals understand and cope with serious or chronic illnesses that impact daily life and self identity
can either:
illness work: make it a job to learn about the illness and get help
everyday work: other things not directly involved with managing illness but still impact one’s illness
biographical work: make sense of the illness for oneself and for others
Sigmund Freud
psycho-sexual
unresolved childhood conflict impairs adult personality
Erik Erickson
psycho-social
created the 8 stages of psycho-social development
unresolved crisis at any age impacts adult personalities
Lev Vygotsky
sociocultural cognitive
child’s cognitive development is based on social interactions
Jean Piaget
cognitive
created the 4 universal stages of childhood cognitive development
based on age
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral
developed the six stages of lifespan moral development
most individuals don’t get page stages 3 or 4
psychosexual/psychanalytic theory
developed by sigmus freud
go through 5 stages of sexual development. If conflict arises in one, this may result in psychological issues in the future
believes our personality is comprised on unconscious memories, emotions, and thoughts
also dreams reveal elements of our unconscious
oral stage
part of Freud’s psychosexual theory
0-1 years
children put everything in their mouth
anal stage
part of Freud’s psychosexual theory
2-3 years
potty training
phallic stage
part of Freud’s psychosexual theory
3-6 years
Oedipus complex: boys attracted to mothers, daughters attracted to fathers
latency stage
part of Freud’s psychosexual theory
6 years -> puberty
children mostly play with people of the same sex
genital stage
part of Freud’s psychosexual theory
beyond puberty
attraction to opposite sex
identity development theory
created by James Marcia
evaluated psychological progress of individuals based on level of commitment and degree of exploration
identity diffusion
low commitment, low exploration
lacks direction, not explored options, no commitment
identity foreclosure
high commitment, low exploration
accepted assigned identity (usually by authorities or parents) without contemplation or exploration
identity moratorium
low commitment, high exploration
still trying to find career, no decision made
identity achievement
high commitment, high exploration
have explored options and feel confident in who they are and what they want do
learned helplessness
when you have learned that an unpleasant task or event is something that you cannot escape and so you give up on overcoming it
ex: constantly trying to lose weight but consistently failing and so you just give up and accept that you won’t lose the weight
self-perception
looking at your behaviors and the reasons behind those behaviors and translating that to your attitude
ex: acting rude and degrading to a colleague you might realize that you don’t like that person
Humanistic perspective
developed by Carl Rodgers
human nature is inherently good and that we have free will (behavior not determined by our past)
Trait perspective
our personality is determined by the presence and absence of characteristics/traits
ex: I have the trait of being stubborn and that causes me to come off as a stubborn person. I also lack the trait of patience which is a double wammy
Social cognitive perspective
our personality is formed through various environmental and cognitive experiences
through observational learning, we are likely to mimic positive behaviors we observe in others
ex: seeing Taylor work out every day and look good, I want to mimic that so that I also look that good
Biological perspective
part of our personality is predetermined by our genetic make-up
ex: Karina got her father’s temper and her mother’s stubbornness
Behaviorist perspective
our personality comes from patterns of behavior that we learn according to our environment
ex: my family was always very supportive, and therefore I have learned to be a supportive person
Trait vs state controversy
aka person-situation controversy
severity of someone’s reaction in any given situation is dictated by their traits (personality) or by the situation itself (state)
ex: when Quinn came out as Trans - I was okay with that because I have a supportive personality. Also the situation was very tame.
However, as supportive of I am with things, I was upset with the whole band thing which dictated state
Trait
personality characteristics that are long lasting and within oneself
present consistently and do not depend on the situation
state
personality characteristics that are unstable, short-term and subject to change according to the environment
self concept
who am I?
I am a cis hetero white female. I am smart and talented. I love hiking and reading and dogs.
self esteem
How you feel about yourself
self efficacy
your confidence in succeeding
