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Y2 Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define attitudes

A

A positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus, such as a person, action, object, or concept e.g. can include behaviour such as healthy eating

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2
Q

How do situational factors influence behaviour and attitudes

A

Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak

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3
Q

In the theory of planned behaviour, what directly contributes to behaviour

A

Intention

Perceived behaviour control

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4
Q

In the theory of planned behaviour what contributes to intention

A

Attitude towards the behaviour
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioural control

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5
Q

In the theory of planned behaviours what contributes to attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control

A

Beliefs about outcome
Evaluation of outcome

Beliefs about important others’ attitudes towards the behaviour

Internal and external control factors

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6
Q

What is cognitive dissonance

A

Conflict/unease created by two opposing opinions.

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7
Q

What are the ways in which dissonance can be resolved

A

Change behaviour
Acquire new information
Reduce the importance of cognition

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8
Q

What makes a message aimed at changing attitude more effective

A 
Reaches recipient
	Is attention-grabbing
	Easily understood
	Relevant and important 
	Easily remembered
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9
Q

What makes a persuasive messenger

A

Credible e.g. doctors
Trustworthy e.g. objective
Appealing e.g. well presented

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10
Q

What is framing

A

whether a message emphasises the benefits or losses of that behaviour

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11
Q

When may loss-framed messages be more effective

A

When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at detecting health problems or illness (e.g. HIV testing)

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12
Q

When may gain-framed messaged be more effective

A

When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at promoting prevention behaviours

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13
Q

Define stereotype

A

Generalisations made about a group of people or members of that group, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. Or more specific such as different medical specialisations (e.g. surgeons)

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14
Q

Define prejudice

A

To judge, often negatively, without having relevant facts, usually about a group or its individual members

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15
Q

Define discrimination

A

Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups

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16
Q

Define social loafing

A

the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

17
Q

When is social loafing more likely to occur

A

The person believes that individual performance is not being monitored
The task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to the person
The person generally displays low motivation to strive for success
The person expects that other group members will display high effort

18
Q

In which gender group does social loafing occur more in

A

All-male groups

19
Q

When may social loafing disappear

A

Individual performance is monitored
Members highly value their group or the task goal
Groups are smaller
Members are of similar competence

20
Q

What factors affect conformity

A

Group size (greater in bigger groups sizes)
Presence of a dissenter (reduces conformity)
Culture (greater in collectivistic cultures)

21
Q

What is bystander apathy and what experiment was used to demonstrate it

A

The more people that are present, the less likely they are to help

Darley and Latane

22
Q

Outline the 5-step bystander decision process

A

1) Notice the event

2) Decide if the event is really an emergency
Social comparison: look to see how others are responding

3) Assuming responsibility to intervene
Diffusion of Responsibility: believing that someone else will help

4) Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation
5) Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis e.g. danger)

23
Q

How may one reduce restraints on helping

A

Reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility

Enhance concern for self image

24
Q

How may one socialise altruism

A

Teaching moral inclusion
Modelling helping behaviour
Attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives
Education about barriers to helping

25
Q

What factors influence obedience

A

Remoteness of the victim
Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
Diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone else administers the shocks
Not personal characteristics

26
Q

Define groupthink

A

The tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

27
Q

Define group polarisation

A

The tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently

28
Q

When is groupthink more likely to occur

A 
When the group:
Is under high stress to reach a decision 
Is insulated from outside input
Has a directive leader
Has high cohesiveness
29
Q

What are the types of leadership style

A

Autocratic or authoritarian style
Participative or democratic style
Laissez-faire or free rein style

30
Q

What is authoritarian style leadership

A

Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader, as with dictator leaders.
They do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates.

31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of authoritarian style leadership

A

Enables quick decision making
Clear hierarchy of responsibility

Can be demotivating
Can lead to errors

32
Q

What is the democratic style leadership

A

Favours decision-making by the group as shown, such as leader gives instruction after consulting the group. They can win the co-operation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively.

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of democratic style leadership

A

Can win cooperation and motivate team
Can improve quality of decision making

Time consuming
Can lead to disagreements

34
Q

What is the free-rein style leadership

A

A free-rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself as shown; such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates, i.e., they are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods.

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a free-rein style leadership

A

Allows autonomous working
Allows expertise to be utilised

Can lead to lack of direction
Lack of ultimate responsibility holder

Y2 Psychology (14 decks)

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