Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define learning

A

a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism’s behavior or capabilities

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2
Q

What are the types of basic learning processes

A

Non-associative learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

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3
Q

What is non-associative learning and classical conditioning

A

Non-associative learning - response to repeated stimuli

Classical conditioning - learning what events signal

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4
Q

What is Operant conditioning

and Observational learning

A

Operant conditioning - learning one thing leads to another

Observational learning - learning from others

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5
Q

What is habituation

A

Decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

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6
Q

What is sensitisation

A

Increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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7
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the UCR) without prior learning

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8
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

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9
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)

A

A reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning

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10
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)

A

A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

When is classical conditioning strongest

A

There are repeated CS-UCS pairings
The UCS is more intense
The sequence involves forward pairing (i.e. CS -> UCS)
The time interval between the CS and UCS is short

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12
Q

Describe the extinction of conditioning

A

CR remains as long as there is CS-UCS pairings

When there is a CS alone, the CR/effect becomes smaller

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13
Q

What is stimulus generalisation

A

A tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical , to a conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Describe the differences in response with stimulus generalisation

A

Similar stimuli will also elicit the CR, but in a weaker form

500Hz tone elicits the CR, tones of similar frequency will also elicit CR, the closer the tone to the original the stronger the response

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15
Q

What is stimulus discrimination

A

The ability to respond differently to various stimuli

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16
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect

A

A response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur
A response followed by an aversive consequence will become less likely to occur

17
Q

What is Operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is learned and maintained by it’s consequences

18
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

occurs when a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a reinforcer

19
Q

Compare primary to secondary reinforcers

A

Primary Reinforcers: those needed for survival e.g. food, water, sleep, sex

Secondary Reinforcers: stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers e.g. money, praise

20
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

occurs when a response is strengthened by the removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus

21
Q

What is the negative reinforcer

A

the aversive stimulus that is removed or avoided (e.g. the use of painkillers are
reinforced by removing pain)

22
Q

What is positive punishment

A

occurs when a response is weakened by the presentation of a stimulus (e.g. squirting a cat with water when it jumps on dining table)

23
Q

What is negative punishment

A

occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus (e.g. phone confiscated)

24
Q

Compare reinforcement than punishment

A

Skinner maintained that reinforcement is a much more potent influence on behaviour than punishment
Largely because punishment can only make certain responses less frequent – you cant teach new behaviour

25
Q

Describe reinforcement schedules and effect

A

Continuous reinforcement produces more rapid learning than partial reinforcement
Continuously reinforced responses extinguish more rapidly than partially reinforced responses

26
Q

What are the types of reinforcement schedules

A

Fixed interval schedule - occurs after a fixed time interval
Variable interval schedule - varies at random around an average
Fixed ratio schedule - given after a fixed no. of responses
Variable ratio schedule - Given after a variable number of responses, centred around an average

27
Q

Describe Bandura’s cognitive approach

A

Bandura believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behaviour and its consequences
Social imitation may hasten or short-cut the acquisition of new behaviours without the necessity of reinforcing

28
Q

What is the social learning theory

A

We observe the behaviours of others and the consequences of those behaviours.
Vicarious reinforcement - If their behaviours are reinforced we tend to imitate the behaviours

29
Q

Describe modelling or observational learning

A

Occurs by watching and imitating actions of another person, or by noting consequences of a person’s actions (Occurs before direct practice is allowed)

30
Q

What leads to successful modelling

A

Pay attention to model
Remember what was done
Must be able to reproduce modeled behaviour
If successful or behavior is rewarded, behavior more likely to recur

31
Q

When are people more likely to imitate others’ behaviour

A

Seen to be rewarded
High status (e.g. Medical consultant)
Similar to us (e.g. colleagues)
Friendly (e.g. peers)