Brain and Behaviour

Question 1

What are the stages of memory

Answer 1

Registration - input from the senses into memory
Encoding - processing and combining received info
Storage - holding of input in the memory system
Retrieval - recovering stored information

Question 2

Describe the duration theory of memory

Answer 2

Conceptual divisions in memory systems

Sensory
Working or short term memory
Long-term memory

Question 3

What are the 2 types of long term memory

Answer 3

Declarative

Non-declarative

Question 4

What are the types of declarative memory

Answer 4

Episodic

Semantic

Question 5

What are the types of non-declarative memory

Answer 5

Procedural
Priming
Conditional
Non-associative learning

Question 6

Which areas of the brain doe episodic memory involve

Answer 6

medial temporal lobes

including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, mammilary bodies, and parahippocampal cortex

Question 7

What are the memory systems

Answer 7

Semantic - Knowledge
Procedural – how to do things
Working – short term

Question 8

What are the right and left hemispheres concerned with mainly

Answer 8

Left hemisphere: Mainly concerned with verbal information processing

Right hemisphere: Mainly concerned with non-verbal information

Question 9

Describe the serial position effect

Answer 9

The earliest and latest positions of items on a list of words have a the greatest probability to be remembered
Primacy and Recency effect

Question 10

What is the probability of recalling a word related to

Answer 10

Order in the list
Personal salience of words
Number of words
Chunking or other encoding strategy 
Delay time
Distraction

Question 11

What are the clinical implications of the serial position effect

Answer 11

Give important information at beginning and end of consultation
Emphasise and repeat important information
Make salient to the person
Chunk information into meaningful categories
Avoid overloading with information

Question 12

What is the phoneme

Answer 12

the smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning

Question 13

What is a morpheme

Answer 13

the smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 14

What is syntax

Answer 14

Rules and principles which govern the way in which morphemes and words can be combined to communicate meaning in a particular language

Question 15

What is required for language acquisition

Answer 15

Exposure to other people using language

Question 16

When does language acquisition become more difficult age-wise

Answer 16

Between ages 5 to puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult

Question 17

What are the brain structures involved in language

Answer 17

Hemispheric specialisation
95% of right-handed people have left- hemisphere dominance for language, 18.8% of left-handed people have right-hemisphere dominance for language function.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia

Answer 18

Non-fluent speech
Impaired repetition
Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
Intact comprehension

Question 19

What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 19

Problems in comprehending speech (input or reception of language)
Fluent meaningless speech
Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words
Neologisms - non words
Poor repetitions
Writing impairment

Question 20

What can cause lesions to the dominant hemisphere

Answer 20

Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Cerebral tumour
Progressive neurodegenerative conditions

Question 21

What is dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 21

involves the disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage

Question 22

What are executive functioning skills

Answer 22

mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully.

Question 23

What can cause dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 23

Head trauma
Tumours
Degenerative diseases
Cerebrovascular disease, as well as in several psychiatric conditions