Brain and Behaviour Flashcards
What are the stages of memory
Registration - input from the senses into memory
Encoding - processing and combining received info
Storage - holding of input in the memory system
Retrieval - recovering stored information
Describe the duration theory of memory
Conceptual divisions in memory systems
Sensory
Working or short term memory
Long-term memory
What are the 2 types of long term memory
Declarative
Non-declarative
What are the types of declarative memory
Episodic
Semantic
What are the types of non-declarative memory
Procedural
Priming
Conditional
Non-associative learning
Which areas of the brain doe episodic memory involve
medial temporal lobes
including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, mammilary bodies, and parahippocampal cortex
What are the memory systems
Semantic - Knowledge
Procedural – how to do things
Working – short term
What are the right and left hemispheres concerned with mainly
Left hemisphere: Mainly concerned with verbal information processing
Right hemisphere: Mainly concerned with non-verbal information
Describe the serial position effect
The earliest and latest positions of items on a list of words have a the greatest probability to be remembered
Primacy and Recency effect
What is the probability of recalling a word related to
Order in the list Personal salience of words Number of words Chunking or other encoding strategy Delay time Distraction
What are the clinical implications of the serial position effect
Give important information at beginning and end of consultation
Emphasise and repeat important information
Make salient to the person
Chunk information into meaningful categories
Avoid overloading with information
What is the phoneme
the smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning
What is a morpheme
the smallest units of meaning in a language
What is syntax
Rules and principles which govern the way in which morphemes and words can be combined to communicate meaning in a particular language
What is required for language acquisition
Exposure to other people using language
When does language acquisition become more difficult age-wise
Between ages 5 to puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult
What are the brain structures involved in language
Hemispheric specialisation
95% of right-handed people have left- hemisphere dominance for language, 18.8% of left-handed people have right-hemisphere dominance for language function.
What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia
Non-fluent speech
Impaired repetition
Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
Intact comprehension
What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia
Problems in comprehending speech (input or reception of language)
Fluent meaningless speech
Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words
Neologisms - non words
Poor repetitions
Writing impairment
What can cause lesions to the dominant hemisphere
Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Cerebral tumour
Progressive neurodegenerative conditions
What is dysexecutive syndrome
involves the disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage
What are executive functioning skills
mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully.
What can cause dysexecutive syndrome
Head trauma
Tumours
Degenerative diseases
Cerebrovascular disease, as well as in several psychiatric conditions
