Psychological Interventions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a panic attack

A

A discrete period in which there is a sudden onset of fearfulness, often associated with the feeling of impending doom

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2
Q

What are the symptoms often associated with a panic attack

A
shortness of breath
palpitations
chest pain or discomfort
choking
smothering sensations
Fear of “going crazy” or losing control are present.
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3
Q

What is agoraphobia

A

Agoraphobia may arise by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which escape is difficult (or embarrassing)
Develops as a complication of panic attacks

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4
Q

How does agoraphobia present

A

sufferers of agoraphobia avoid public and/or unfamiliar places, especially large, open, spaces where there are few ‘places to hide‘ or prevent easy escape

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5
Q

What is the goal of all psychotherapy

A

help people change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviour patterns

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6
Q

What are the major schools of psychological therapy

A

Psychodynamic therapy
Behavioural therapy
Cognitive therapy

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7
Q

What is psychodynamic therapy

A

There is an attempt to resolve conflict between the conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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8
Q

What do behavioural approaches to therapy believe

A

Maladaptive behaviours are not merely symptoms of underlying problems
The behaviours are the problem
Problem behaviours are learned in the same ways normal behaviours are

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9
Q

What is exposure approach influenced by

A

both classical and operant conditioning approaches

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10
Q

Describe the exposure approach to behavioural therapy

A

Treat phobias through exposure to the feared CS (i.e. car) in the absence of the UCS (i.e. accident)
Response prevention is used to keep the operant avoidant response from occurring
Highly effective for reducing anxiety responses

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11
Q

What is Clark’s cognitive theory of panic

A

Individuals with panic interpret certain bodily sensations in a catastrophic fashion
Sensations (esp. those involved in normal anxiety responses) are considered to be a sign of impending physical or psychological disaster

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12
Q

Draw a diagram to represent Clark;s cognitive theory of panic

A

Refer to notes

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13
Q

What does cognitive behavioural therapy focus on

A

problematic beliefs and behaviours that maintain disorders (‘here and now’ rather than original causes).

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14
Q

Describe CBT

A

Goal oriented i.e. Specific and measurable
Collaborative relationship between therapist and patient
Brief (8-16 sessions)
‘Scientific’ approach e.g. Collecting data, testing hypotheses

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15
Q

Give examples of CBT that would be used for a cardiac arrest

A
Psychoeducation
Relaxation techniques
Cognitive restructuring
Behavioural experiments
Graded exposure
Relapse prevention
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16
Q

What is a depressive episode characterised by

A

a period of almost daily depressed mood or diminished interest in activities lasting at least two weeks

17
Q

Give some symptoms of depression

A

difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness
excessive or inappropriate guilt, hopelessness,
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide,
changes in appetite or sleep,
psychomotor agitation or retardation,
reduced energy or fatigue.

18
Q

How effective is psychotherapy

A

There is a significant effect on outcome
Strongest evidence is for CBT
Differential effects of different therapies are small

19
Q

What does NICE recommend CBT for

A
Mild to moderate depression
Social anxiety 
PTSD
Generalised anxiety disorder
OCD
Bulimia
Panic disorder and specific phobia 
 Schizophrenia
20
Q

What questions does NICE recommend you ask people who may have depression

A

During the last month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
During the last month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?

21
Q

According to NICE guidelines, when are antidepressants NOT to be used and why

A

to treat persistent subthreshold depressive symptoms or mild depression because the risk–benefit ratio is poor

22
Q

When are antidepressants considered

A

a past history of moderate or severe depression or
subthreshold depressive symptoms present for a long time or
subthreshold depressive symptoms or mild depression that persist(s) after other interventions.