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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anchoring?

A

The use of a pre-determined number or position as a starting point and then making adjustments from there. (Such as a lawyer setting a settlement figure in mind before beginning negotiation).

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2
Q

Describe a schema and how it works.

A

A mental framework used to process the information we encounter. They are organized bunches of knowledge gathered from previous experiences that include ideas about specific events/objects. (Penguin example)

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3
Q

Describe counterfactual thinking

A

“What if things had been different” thinking

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4
Q

What are the 6 basic universal emotions and who argued this?

A
  1. Sadness
  2. Happiness
  3. Fear
  4. Anger
  5. Surprise
  6. Disgust

Paul Ekman

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5
Q

How did Paul Ekman study human emotion?

A

He executed cross-cultural studies that show individuals una variety of different cultures were able to recognize facial expressions corresponding to the six identified.

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6
Q

What is FACS coding?

A

Facial Action Coding System

This can help determine whether a smile is genuine or fake

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7
Q

What is covariation theory and who developed it?

A

It was developed by Harold Kelley. It’s the best known attribution theory, and it provides a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be attributed to some characteristic of the person or environment.

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8
Q

What did Harold Kelley believe we based our attributions on?

A

Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus

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9
Q

Name the three founding contributors of social psychology

A
  1. Norman Triplett
  2. Kurt Lewin
  3. Fritz Heider
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10
Q

What is attribution and what are the two ways we attribute behavior?

A
  1. Attribution deals with how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience.
  2. Dispositional (internal) or Situational (external)
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11
Q

Describe the two different kinds of heuristics.

A
  1. Representativeness heuristic - using shortcuts and stereotypes to to guess an answer rather than using logic. Like assuming a tall beautiful woman is a model instead of a lawyer
  2. Availability heuristic - a process in which think there is a higher proportion of things than there really are in a group, just because they come to mind more readily. Like seeing several celebrity names in a list and just deciding the list was made mostly of celebrities.
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12
Q

What is the difference between automatic and controlled processing?

A
  1. Automatic - processing data without concsious awareness.
  2. Controlled - processing data with thoughtful awareness.
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13
Q

List 6 key concepts in social perception…

A

Optimism bias
Planning fallacy
Overconfidence bias
Counterfactual thinking
Magial thinking
Terror management

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14
Q

List 5 key concepts around attribution.

A
  1. Fundamental attribution error
  2. Actor-observer attributional divergence
  3. Self-serving attributional bias
  4. Self-presentation
  5. Impression management
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15
Q

List 9 mistakes we make in intepreting the world.

A
  1. Illusory correlation
  2. Slippery slope
  3. Hindsight bias
  4. False consensus bias
  5. Base-rate fallacy
  6. Halo effect
  7. Oversimplification
  8. Illusion of control
  9. Just world bias
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16
Q

Name four researchers who studied social psychology and specifically the mistakes people make in their interpretation of the world.

A
  1. Ross: made subjects believe a false statement and found that even after they were told the truth they made up a logical explanation to continue the lie as truth.
  2. Nisbett: showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do.
  3. Lerner: just world bias, the belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.
  4. Langer: studied the illusion of control or belief that you can control things you have no influence on.
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17
Q

Who developed cognitive dissonance theory and what does it mean?

A

Leon Festinger

People feel tension or dissonance when they hold to thoughts that do not match. So they try to change their thoughts or behaviour to alleviate the tension.

They often feel they need to change their attitude or beliefs to match actions.

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18
Q

What is Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory?

A

an alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance, asserting that when people are unsure of their beliefs they take cues from their own behavior.

19
Q

What is inoculation theory and who created it?

A

McGuire

people’s beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge. Once they have experienced challenge to their opinions, they are less vulnerable. A challenge is like a vaccination.

20
Q

Who are known for their theory of reasoned action? Also known as the Theory of Planned Behavior.

A

Fischbein and Ajzen

People’s behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation

21
Q

What is reactance?

A

The refusal to conform which may occur as a result of a blatant attempt to control.

22
Q

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

A

Petty and Cacioppo

People who are interested in the strength of an argument can be persuaded through the central route and the likelihood of change is high.

People not interested in the argument or unwilling to listen to it should be approached with a peripheral route for persuasion - make them happy and comfy and hope something sticks.

23
Q

Outline the relative order of importance for attraction…

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Physial attraction
  3. Similarity
  4. Reciprocity
24
Q

What is excitation-transfer theory?

A

The idea that we will misplace our excitment. Like if we bungee jump on a first date, the adrenaline and positive experience could lead us to think we are actually excited about the guy, instead of the experience.

25
Q

What’s the difference between mere exposure and repeated exposure effects?

A

Mere-exposure says that even having some familiarity will create positive impressions.

Repeated exposure says that the more contact we have, the more the positive impressions will come.

26
Q

What is the trianguler model of love?

A

Created by Sternberg and based on levels of 1) intimacy, 2) passion, 3) commitment

Romantic: intimacy and passion
Companionate: intimacy and commitment
Fatuous: passion and commitment
Consummate: all three

27
Q

Which researcher is known for her study of the kinds of love and believes there are only 2 basic types of love?

A

Elaine Hatfield

Passionate and companionate love

28
Q

Describe Sherif’s Robber’s Cave Experiment

A

Showed that group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperative attention to a higher superordinate goal.

Studied groups of boys at summer camp

29
Q

What are the bonafide and bogus pipelines?

A

Bona fide: a procedure to determine a person’s implicit associations or beliefs about other social groups.

Bogus: measures physiological reactions in order to measure the truthfulness of an attitude self-reporting.

30
Q

Who conducted the famous doll preference studies which impacted Brown v. Board of Education

A

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

31
Q

What did Rokeach study?

A

Studied racial bias and the similarity of beliefs.

Found that people prefer to be with those of like minds rather than like skin colour.

32
Q

What did Robert Zajonc find in relation to social facilitation?

A

That the presence of others helps people with easy tasks but not complex ones.

33
Q

What do social exchange theory and gain-loss theory explore?

A

Social Exchange: people will try to maximise reward and minimise costs

Gain-Loss: people will try to obtain gains and avoid losses

34
Q

List 5 notable psychologists who studied group influence

A
  1. Solomon Asch (Exhibit A & B studies)
  2. Stanely Milgram (teacher/learner electric shocks)
  3. Philip Zombardo (prison simulation experiments)
  4. Muzafer Sherif (description of autokinetic effect)
  5. Morton Deutsch (prisoners dilemma and trucking company game)
35
Q

Name the 6 strategies for compliance (getting someone to do what you want)

A
  1. Door in the face
  2. Foot in the door
  3. Low balling
  4. That’s not all
  5. Deadline
  6. Ingratiation
36
Q

What did Philip Zombardo discover about population density and antisocial behavior?

A

antisocial behavior positively correlates to population density

37
Q

Explain the difference between group polarization and groupthink.

A

Group polarization (Stoner): a group will strengthen a polarised viewpoint and can lead to a risky shift

Groupthink (Janis): a desire for harmony leads to dysfunctional decision making in a group

38
Q

What are the three categories of prosocial behavior?

A
  1. Empathy altruism
  2. Negative state relief
  3. Empathic joy
39
Q

Who established the frustration-agression hypothesis and who researched it?

A
  1. Dollard and Miller
  2. Berkowitz

posits that frustration in achieving a goal leads to the show of aggression

40
Q

What does the stimulus-overload theory explain? And who developed it?

A
  1. expains why urbanies are less prosocial than county people (urbanites are overstimulated and don’t need more interaction)
  2. Stanely Milgram
41
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

Hawthorne Works study to increase productivity.

Landsberger found that people’s performance will change when they are being observed.

42
Q

What is Walter Dill Scott famous for?

A

one of the first people to apply psychological principles to business. (advertising)

43
Q

Rodin and Langer found that nursing home patients who had ____ had better health and lower mortality rates.

A

plants to care for

44
Q

Stuart Valins studied environmental influences on behavior, including studying the impacts of ____.

A

Architecture and specifcally the study of student dorms.

Psychology Prep (9 decks)

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