Measurement Flashcards
Who created the concept of IQ?
Alfred Binet
What is the equation for IQ?
Mental age/chronological age x 100
Who created the Stanford-Binet Scale and what is best used for?
Binet and Lewis Terman (of Stanford).
It’s best use is for predicting academic achievement in chidlren.
What is Lewis Terman famous for?
His work with gifted children and finding that the higher the IQ, the better adjusted the child.
Name the three Wechsler Scales and what they are used for.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - for adults
- Wechslet Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) - 6-16 years
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Schale of Intelligence (WPPSI) - 4-6 uears
What is the Goodenough Draw-A-Person Test?
Children are asked to make a picture of a man and are reviewed based on their accuracy.
Horn and Cattel found that ___ intelligence delicnes with old age but ___ intelligence does not.
- fluid
- crystallised
Who studied the relationship between birth order and itelligence?
Zajonc
_____ believed there was a general factor in human intelligence, termed ___. He was influenced by ___, who believed that intelligence was quantifiable and influenced by heredity.
- Spearman
- g
- Sir Francis Galton
Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences and what are they?
Howard Gardner
- Logical/mathematical
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Naturalist
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
Who developed the triacrchic theory of intelligence and what is it?
- Robert Sternberg
- Three factors of intelligence:
analytical ability
practical ability
creative ability
What are the key three personality tests?
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- California Personality Inventory (CPI)
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
What is the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale?
a test which determines whether a person feels responsible for the things that happen (internal) or that he has no control over (external)
List 6 Projective Personality Tests.
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Thematic Apperception Test
- Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study)
- Word Association Test
- Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
- Draw-A-Person Test
What psychologist was known for being extremely critical of personality tests?
Watler Mischel
What female researcher is known for studies into intelligence in relation to performance?
Anne Anastasi
What does the F-scale or F-ratio measure?
Fascism or authoritarian personality
What 3 things do you need to being a study according to the scientific approach?
- a testable hypothesis
- a reproducible experiment
- an ooperationalised definition of the concept being studied
What is the difference between a field study and an experimintal design study?
Field study takes place in the natural environment
Experimental design study takes place in a controlled setting
Name the 3 things a researcher must be able to control in an experimental design study…
- Independent variable
- Dependetn variable
- Confounding variable
Explain the difference between longtitudinal, cross-sectional and cohort-sequential experiment designs.
- studying the same subjects at different points in their lifespan.
- different subjects of different ages are studied
- combines the above two
What are within-subject and between-subject test designs?
WS - tests the same person at multiple times and looks for change in the person.
BW - compaires two groups of people at the same time.
What is predictive value?
the degree to which an independent variable an predict a dependent variable.
What is generalisability?
the degree to which the results from an experiemtn can eb applied to the real world.
What are the Rosenthal and Hawthorne effects? R
Rosenthal - experimeinter bias, seeing what they want to see
Hawthorne - when subjects alter their behaviour because they are being observed
What is selective attrition?
when subjects who drop out of an experiment are different to those who stay.
What is the illusory correlation?
when a subject infers a relationship which does not exist
What are the 4 frequency distributions?
- Nominal varaibles - descriptive names like Democrat or Repbulican
- Ordinal variables - arranged by order like marathon runners coming first, second or third
- Interval variables - showing order and spacing, like how temperature is order numerically and spaced evenly. No real zero.
- Ratio variables - have order, equal intervals, and a real zero, like someone’s age.
What is the bell curve also called and what is it?
- Normal distribution
- It has one hump and the majority of scores fall in the middle ranges.
What are T- and Z- scores and what concept do they belong to?
Z-scores refer to the number of standard deviations a score is from the mean.
T-scores are a transformation of Z-scores, in which the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 10. The formula is: T=10(Z)+50.
What are the 4 types of correlational statistics?
- Positive - as one variable increases so does the other
- Negative - as one variable goes up, the other goes down
- Curvilinear - a curved line
- Zero correlation - no relationship
Describe and compare the Pearson and Spearman r correlation coefficients…
Pearson - a way of numerically calculating and expressing a correlation. r value ranges from -1 to +1. A value of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation. A value of 0 is no relationship.
Spearman - used only when data is in the form of ranks; it is the procedure for determining the line that describes a linear relationship.
What is a statistical regression and what concept does it belong to?
It belongs to Spearman r correlation coefficient
It allows you to not only identify a relationship between two variables but also make predictions about one variable based on another.
What are inferential statistics?
allows you to generalise findings from a sample to a population, which is the larger group from which the sample was drawn.
What is a test of significance used for?
to reject the null hypothesis
What are type I and type II errors?
Type I occurs when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis - you thought your findings were significant but they were just chance
Type II occurs when wrongly accept the null hypothesis - tests showed your findings to be insignificant but they were actually significant
What are the 6 most common tests of significance?
- T-tests (compare the mean of two different groups)
- Chi-square tests (to tell if groups are significantly different in size )
- ANOVA (analyses the difference among means)
- Factorial analysis of variance (can separate the effects of different levels of different variables)
- Analysis of Covariance (tests whether at lest 2 groups co-vary)
- Linear regression (allows you to use correlation coefficients in order to predict one variable from another)
What are criterion-referenced tests v. domain-referenced tests?
criterion-referenced - measure mastery in a particular area or subject (an exam)
domain-referenced - attempt to measure less-defined properties (intelligence)
Explain the 2 types of test reliability measures.
Test-retest reliability: measured by the same individual taking the same test more than once
Split-half reliability: comparing an individual’s performance on two halves of the same test
Describe internal validity v external validity
Internal: measures the extent to which the different items within a measure ‘hang together’ and test the same thing.
External: the extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure.
List the four aspects of external validity in experiments…
- Concurrent validity: how well scores on a new measure positively correlate with other measures known to test the same thing.
- Construct validity: the degree to which the test really taps the abstract concept being measured
- Content validity: refers to the degree to which the content of the test covers a good sample of te construct being measured
- Face validity: the degree to which a test is effective in its aims
