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Psychology Prep > Measurement > Flashcards

Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the concept of IQ?

A

Alfred Binet

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2
Q

What is the equation for IQ?

A

Mental age/chronological age x 100

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3
Q

Who created the Stanford-Binet Scale and what is best used for?

A

Binet and Lewis Terman (of Stanford).

It’s best use is for predicting academic achievement in chidlren.

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4
Q

What is Lewis Terman famous for?

A

His work with gifted children and finding that the higher the IQ, the better adjusted the child.

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5
Q

Name the three Wechsler Scales and what they are used for.

A
  1. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - for adults
  2. Wechslet Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) - 6-16 years
  3. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Schale of Intelligence (WPPSI) - 4-6 uears
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6
Q

What is the Goodenough Draw-A-Person Test?

A

Children are asked to make a picture of a man and are reviewed based on their accuracy.

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7
Q

Horn and Cattel found that ___ intelligence delicnes with old age but ___ intelligence does not.

A
  1. fluid
  2. crystallised
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8
Q

Who studied the relationship between birth order and itelligence?

A

Zajonc

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9
Q

_____ believed there was a general factor in human intelligence, termed ___. He was influenced by ___, who believed that intelligence was quantifiable and influenced by heredity.

A
  1. Spearman
  2. g
  3. Sir Francis Galton
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10
Q

Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences and what are they?

A

Howard Gardner

  1. Logical/mathematical
  2. Linguistic
  3. Musical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  6. Naturalist
  7. Interpersonal
  8. Intrapersonal
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11
Q

Who developed the triacrchic theory of intelligence and what is it?

A
  1. Robert Sternberg
  2. Three factors of intelligence:

analytical ability
practical ability
creative ability

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12
Q

What are the key three personality tests?

A
  1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
  2. California Personality Inventory (CPI)
  3. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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13
Q

What is the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale?

A

a test which determines whether a person feels responsible for the things that happen (internal) or that he has no control over (external)

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14
Q

List 6 Projective Personality Tests.

A
  1. Rorschach Inkblot Test
  2. Thematic Apperception Test
  3. Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study)
  4. Word Association Test
  5. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
  6. Draw-A-Person Test
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15
Q

What psychologist was known for being extremely critical of personality tests?

A

Watler Mischel

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16
Q

What female researcher is known for studies into intelligence in relation to performance?

A

Anne Anastasi

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17
Q

What does the F-scale or F-ratio measure?

A

Fascism or authoritarian personality

18
Q

What 3 things do you need to being a study according to the scientific approach?

A
  1. a testable hypothesis
  2. a reproducible experiment
  3. an ooperationalised definition of the concept being studied
19
Q

What is the difference between a field study and an experimintal design study?

A

Field study takes place in the natural environment

Experimental design study takes place in a controlled setting

20
Q

Name the 3 things a researcher must be able to control in an experimental design study…

A
  1. Independent variable
  2. Dependetn variable
  3. Confounding variable
21
Q

Explain the difference between longtitudinal, cross-sectional and cohort-sequential experiment designs.

A
  1. studying the same subjects at different points in their lifespan.
  2. different subjects of different ages are studied
  3. combines the above two
22
Q

What are within-subject and between-subject test designs?

A

WS - tests the same person at multiple times and looks for change in the person.

BW - compaires two groups of people at the same time.

23
Q

What is predictive value?

A

the degree to which an independent variable an predict a dependent variable.

24
Q

What is generalisability?

A

the degree to which the results from an experiemtn can eb applied to the real world.

25
Q

What are the Rosenthal and Hawthorne effects? R

A

Rosenthal - experimeinter bias, seeing what they want to see

Hawthorne - when subjects alter their behaviour because they are being observed

26
Q

What is selective attrition?

A

when subjects who drop out of an experiment are different to those who stay.

27
Q

What is the illusory correlation?

A

when a subject infers a relationship which does not exist

28
Q

What are the 4 frequency distributions?

A
  1. Nominal varaibles - descriptive names like Democrat or Repbulican
  2. Ordinal variables - arranged by order like marathon runners coming first, second or third
  3. Interval variables - showing order and spacing, like how temperature is order numerically and spaced evenly. No real zero.
  4. Ratio variables - have order, equal intervals, and a real zero, like someone’s age.
29
Q

What is the bell curve also called and what is it?

A
  1. Normal distribution
  2. It has one hump and the majority of scores fall in the middle ranges.
30
Q

What are T- and Z- scores and what concept do they belong to?

A

Z-scores refer to the number of standard deviations a score is from the mean.

T-scores are a transformation of Z-scores, in which the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 10. The formula is: T=10(Z)+50.

31
Q

What are the 4 types of correlational statistics?

A
  1. Positive - as one variable increases so does the other
  2. Negative - as one variable goes up, the other goes down
  3. Curvilinear - a curved line
  4. Zero correlation - no relationship
32
Q

Describe and compare the Pearson and Spearman r correlation coefficients…

A

Pearson - a way of numerically calculating and expressing a correlation. r value ranges from -1 to +1. A value of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation. A value of 0 is no relationship.

Spearman - used only when data is in the form of ranks; it is the procedure for determining the line that describes a linear relationship.

33
Q

What is a statistical regression and what concept does it belong to?

A

It belongs to Spearman r correlation coefficient

It allows you to not only identify a relationship between two variables but also make predictions about one variable based on another.

34
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

allows you to generalise findings from a sample to a population, which is the larger group from which the sample was drawn.

35
Q

What is a test of significance used for?

A

to reject the null hypothesis

36
Q

What are type I and type II errors?

A

Type I occurs when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis - you thought your findings were significant but they were just chance

Type II occurs when wrongly accept the null hypothesis - tests showed your findings to be insignificant but they were actually significant

37
Q

What are the 6 most common tests of significance?

A
  1. T-tests (compare the mean of two different groups)
  2. Chi-square tests (to tell if groups are significantly different in size )
  3. ANOVA (analyses the difference among means)
  4. Factorial analysis of variance (can separate the effects of different levels of different variables)
  5. Analysis of Covariance (tests whether at lest 2 groups co-vary)
  6. Linear regression (allows you to use correlation coefficients in order to predict one variable from another)
38
Q

What are criterion-referenced tests v. domain-referenced tests?

A

criterion-referenced - measure mastery in a particular area or subject (an exam)

domain-referenced - attempt to measure less-defined properties (intelligence)

39
Q

Explain the 2 types of test reliability measures.

A

Test-retest reliability: measured by the same individual taking the same test more than once

Split-half reliability: comparing an individual’s performance on two halves of the same test

40
Q

Describe internal validity v external validity

A

Internal: measures the extent to which the different items within a measure ‘hang together’ and test the same thing.

External: the extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure.

41
Q

List the four aspects of external validity in experiments…

A
  1. Concurrent validity: how well scores on a new measure positively correlate with other measures known to test the same thing.
  2. Construct validity: the degree to which the test really taps the abstract concept being measured
  3. Content validity: refers to the degree to which the content of the test covers a good sample of te construct being measured
  4. Face validity: the degree to which a test is effective in its aims

Psychology Prep (9 decks)

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