Clinical Psychology and Disorders Flashcards
How do psychopharmaceuticals work and what do they most commonly impact?
- They aim to affect neurotransmitters
- The most common are dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, all of which are monoamines.
Name the 5 classifications of psychopharmaceuticals.
- Antipsychotics
- Mood stabilisers
- Antidepressents
- Anxiolytics
- Antabuse
What are antipsychotic medications used for and what are some examples?
- The first druges used for psychopathology, these are normally used to treat schizophrenia symptoms like delusions by blocking dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production.
- Examples:chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and haloperidol (Haldol)
What are mood stabilisers used for and what are some examples?
- Often used to treat bipolar disorder.
- Can be found in many psychoactive drugs, including lithium, anti-psychotics and anti-convulsants
How to antidepressents work?
They increase the availability of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norephinephrine and/or dopamine. The belief is that low levels of moanamines (including these) cause depression. Anti depressents inrease the production and transmission of these.
What are some examples of anti-depressents?
- Tricylic antidepressents (TCAs): have a tricylic chemical structure
- amitriptyline (Elavil) - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase enzymes
- phenelzine (Nardil) - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): act only on serotonin. Most frequently prescribed because they have fewer side effects than TCAs and MAOIs
- fluoxetine (Prozac)
- paroxetine (Paxil)
- sertraline (Zoloft)
How do anxiolytics work and what are some examples?
used to reduce anxiety or induce sleep, often by increasing the effectiveness of GABA.
Examples include: barbituates, benzodiadepines like diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Zanax)
What is the biggest concern with using anxiolytics?
They have high potential for habituation or addiction
How do antabuses work and what are some examples?
A drug that changes teh metabolism of alcohol which results in severe neausea and vomitting when combined with alcohol.
Can be used to countercondition aloholics.
What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
It is psychology’s diagnostic bible, published by the APA. It includes 20 categories of mental illness, diagnostic criteria and official codes assigned to each disorder.
It was first published in 1952 and the most recent edition was published in 2013.
What defines a psychotic disorder?
The presence of hallucinations or delusions.
List 7 neurodevelopmental disorders
- Intellectual disability
- Learning disorders
- Autism spectrum disorder
- ADHD
- Tic disorders
- Motor skills disorders
- Communications disorders
What is Schizophrenia’s former name and who re-named it?
- dementia praecox
- Eugene Bleuler
Schizophrenai symptoms are split into two categories. What are these?
- Positive - not normally present: including delusions, perecptual hallucinations, disorganised speech and behavior
- Negative - not normally absent: including the flat affect or restrictions in thought, speech, avolition of behavior
What are the two different types of Schizophrenia and how do they differ?
- Process schizophrenia - develops gradually
- Reactive schizophrenai - develops suddently in responseto a particular event
According to the diathesis-stress theory, schizophrenia results from what?
physiological predisposition pairedwithan external stressor. The biochemical most associated with schizophrenia is excessive dopamine in the brain.
Individuals with a first-degree relative who has schizophrenia have a __% chance of developing the disorder, as comparedwith __% of the population.
10%
1%
List 4 disorders associated with schizophrenia.
- Schizoaffective disorder: schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode.
- Delusional or manic disorder: presistent delusions of various types, including erotomanic, grandiose, jealousy, persecutory, somatic.
- Breif psychotic disorder: involves a sudden onset of psychotic sypmtoms lasting less than a month and followed by remission.
- Schizophreniform disorder: involves most of the symptoms butis marked by duration of the symptoms - usually at least a month but less than 6
Describe the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Bipolar I - characterised by cycling form extreme manic episodes to major dpressive episodes.
Bipolar II - also involves cylcing from mania to major depression, but te mania tneds to be less severe (hypomania)
What is Cyclothymic disorder?
Related to biopolar disorders - people experience mood swings like bipolar but the symptoms are less severe and occur with regularity over a period of at least 2 years
How do you diagnose major depressive order vs persistent depressive disorder?
MDO - depressive episodes exist nearly every day for at least 2 weeks.
PDD - also called dysthymia - symptoms of MDO that occur more days than not for more than two years but there is never actually a depressive episode.
Name 5 anxiety disorders which are usually treated with behavioral therpay.
- Panic disorder - recurrent panic attacks, often accompanied by mitral valve heart problem
- Agoraphobia - fear of a situation in which panic symptoms might arise and escape would be difficult - usually resulting in fear/avoidance of being outside
- Phobia - recognised, unreasonable, intense anxiety sytmpoms and avoidance
- Social anxiety disorder - fear of social situations, usually resulting in avoidance
- Generalised anxiety disorder - excessive anxiety without a specific cause that occurs on more days than not for a period of at least 6 months
List and describe 4 OCD and related disorders.
- Body dysmorphic disorder (unrealistic sense of body flaws that don’t exist)
- Hoarding disorder (excessively saving items, resulting in uninhabitable spaces)
- Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
- Excoriation disorder (skin-picking disoder)
Name 3 trauma and stress related disorders
PTSD - exposure to trauma that results in decreased ability to function and recurrent thougths and anxiety about the trauma
Acute stress disorder - similar to PTSD, but the symptoms have been present for less than a month
Adjustment disorder - involves symptoms following a trauma or stressor that have been going on on for up to three months from the time of the stressor and involve a greater response than one might normally expect.
What are dissociative disorders?
Involve the disruption of memory or identity - formerly known as psychogenic disorders
List three dissociative disorders
- Disociative amnesia -
- Depersonalised/derealisation disorder -
- Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disoder) -
What is dissociative anmesia?
involves the inability to recall specific biographical information, usually due to a trauma or stressor, that is not related to normal forgetting
This often occurs in trauma and stressor related disorders
What is depersonalisation/derealisation disorder?
an altered sense of oneself or one’s surrounding that is not the result of another disorder
What is dissociative identity disorder (prev known as multiple personality disorder)?
the assumption of two or more identities that control behavior in different situations
What are somatic symptom and related disorders? And what are some examples?
Disorders which are manifested by physical or bodily symptoms that cause reduced functioning
- Conversion disorder
- Illness anxiety disorder
- Somatic symptom disorder
- Factitious disorder
What is conversion disorder?
Formerly known as ‘hysteria’ from Freud.
Psychological problems converted into bodily symptoms; generally related to voluntary movements and may be manifested by paralysis.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
Formerly known as hypochondriasis
Involves a preoccupation with the possibility of getting sick or having illness despite no symptoms
What is somatic symptom disorder?
Involves a person focusing on phsyical symptoms to teh point of excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviours that interfere with functioning.
What is factitious disorder?
Formerly known as Munchausen or Munchausen by proxy
Involves inducing phsyical symptoms in oneself or another for the purpose of garnering attention and being able to play the sick role
List 4 feeding and eating disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge-eating disorder
- Pica (eating non-food substances)
What is noncturnal enuresis and what kind of disorder is it an example of?
- bed-wetting
- Elimination disorders
What are elimination disorders and how is it usually treated?
- Encopresis - repeated passing of feces in places other than a toilet
- Enuresis - repeated passing of urine in places other than a toilet
- Behavior modification
What are two categories of sleep-wake disorders?
- Dyssomnias - related to involving the quantity or quality of sleep
- Parasomnias - ambormal behavior during sleep
List 4 examples of Dyssomnia (sleep-wake) disorders
- Insomnia disorder - difficulty falling or staying asleep
- Hypersomnolence disorder - excessive sleepiness
- Narcolepsy - falling asleep uncontrollably during routine daily activity
- Breathing-related sleep disorders - problems with breathing during sleep resulting in awakingings through the night
What are 3 examples of parasomnia (sleep-wake) disorders?
- Nightmare disorder- frequent disruption of sleep because of nightmares
- sleep terror - frequent disruption of sleep because of screaming or crying
- sleepwalking - getting up and walking around while sleeping
What does treatment of gender dysphoria involve and what was it previously called?
- treatment focusses on coping with the negative feelings involved, not changing the patient’s gender identity.
- gender identity disorder
____ is indicated by disturbed consciousness and congition.
Delirium
List 4 examples of major or mild neurocognitive disorders
Alzheimers disease
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Major or mild frontotemporal neurocongnitive disorder
____ disease is characterised by loss of memory and cognitive function
____ disease is characterised by tremors with declinging neurological functioning
____ disease is characterised by genetically progressive degeneration (thought, emotion and movement)
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Huntingtons
_____ is a disease of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterised by changes of personality.
Major or mild frontotermporal neurocognitive disorder
How are personality disorders characterised and categorised?
characterised by rigid, pervasive culturally maladaptive personality structures, not normally diagnised in children.
Clusters A, B and C
How do the three clusters of personality disorders differ?
Cluster A - odd or eccentric behavior
Cluster B - dramatic or erratic behavior
Cluster C - anxious or fearful behavior
List examples of Cluster A personality disorders
Paranoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder
List examples of Cluster B personality disorders
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
List examples of Cluster C personality disorders
Avoidant personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
List three types of paraphilic disorders
- Pedophilic disorder
- Exhibitionistic disorder
- Sexual sadism disorder
