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Psychology Prep > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormones are considered organisational?

A
  1. H-Y antigen
  2. androgens (testosterone)
  3. estrogen
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2
Q

Which hormones are considered organisational?

A
  1. H-Y antigen
  2. androgens (testosterone)
  3. estrogen
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3
Q

What are the activational hormones?

A
  1. Lutenizing hormone
  2. follic stimulating hormone
  3. oxytocin
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4
Q

Name the key hormones released by the pituitary gland.

A
  1. H-Y antigen
  2. andogrens
  3. estrogen
  4. lutenizing hormone
  5. follicle stimulating hormone
  6. oxytocin
  7. vasopressin
  8. thyroid stimulating hormone
  9. adrenocorticoptropic hormone
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5
Q

Describe the stages of Non-REM sleep

A

Stage W (The Wake Stage): When the brain is producing more than 50% of alpha waves

Stage N1: occurs as the person is transitioning to sleep and consists of theta waves and lasts 1-7 minutes

Stage N2: characterised by theta waves and Y alternations b/w sleep spindles and K complexes. Physiological functiosn begin to slow and drip.

Stage N3: characterised by slow delta waves. Deep, restorative sleep where GH is released. This is where parasomnias occur.

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6
Q

Which kind of waves occur in the sleep stages?

A

W: alpha waves

N1: theta waves

N2: theta waves

N3: delta waves

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7
Q

Describe REM sleep, also known as _____.

A

Known as Stage R, REM sleep ocurs about 90-110 minutes after sleep onset and comprises 20-25% of sleep over one night. It’s known for paradoxical sleep which is the point of paralysis.

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8
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

A type of visual agnosia whre an individual cannot recognise faces, even of close family and friends.

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9
Q

What is agnosia?

A

The inability to process sensory information even though the sensory apparatus is in place.

*Usually only one sense is affected

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10
Q

What is Acquired Apraxia

A

The inability to plan and coordinate specific motor movements

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11
Q

What is Alexia?

A

The loss of the capacity to read do to an inability to comprehend words, read aloud or both.

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12
Q

What is phonological agraphia?

A

An individual cannot write due to an inability to sound out words.

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13
Q

What is Agraphia?

A

The loss of the capacity to write due to problems with:

Lanugage processing
Inability to spell
Disruption of motor functions or visualisations

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14
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

The loss of the ability ot speak or understand language, spoken or written

Specific examples incldude:

Broca’s aphasia - understands speech but struggles to speak
Wernicke’s aphasia - can speak but no longer understands how to choose words

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15
Q

What makes up the Forebrain?

A
  1. Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus
  2. Telencephalon: Limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus
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16
Q

Name the parts of the brain in evolutionary order…

A
  1. Hindbrain: myelencephalon, metaencephalon, reticular formation
  2. Mesencephalon: tectum, tegentum
  3. Forebrain: corticospinal tract
  4. Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
  5. Pituitary gland
  6. Telencephalon: limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus
  7. Cerebral cortex: frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal lobes and gyri
17
Q

What two parts make up the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic: controls arousal mechanisms, like blood circulation, pupil dilation and threat and fear response

2: Parasympathetic: responsible for recuperation after arousal like lowering heart rate, blood pressure and breathing

18
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

PNS is the pathway that runs to (afferent fibers) and from (efferent fibers) the CNS.

19
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic NS: interacts with external environment by controlling voluntary movements
  2. Autonomic NS: interacts with the internal environment and is responsible for ‘fight or flight’ and controls involunatary functions like digestion, breathing and blood circulation
20
Q

What is the Tegmentum?

A

Houses part of the reticular formation

21
Q

What is white matter?

A

Bundles of axon nerve fibers

22
Q

What are terminal buttons and why are they important?

A
  1. They are jumping-off points for impulses.
  2. They hold neurotransmitters
23
Q

What are the two types of Glial Cells and what do they do?

A

They support neurons as:

  1. Oligodendrocytes: provide myelin to the CNS
  2. Schwann cells: provide myelin to the PNS
24
Q

What are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials?

A
  1. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): depolarisation and the likelihood a cell will fire
  2. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP): hyperpolarised, decreasing the chance it will fire
25
Q

Describe the:

  1. resting potential
  2. action potential
  3. all or none law
  4. absolute refractory period
  5. relative refractory period
A
  1. the inactive state of a neuron - negative charge and will not let in a positive charge
  2. when a cell becomes stimulated with enough positive ions and ‘fires’. Also called an impulse
  3. once a minimum threshold is met, the impulse will be sent
  4. the time after a neuron fires in which it cannot respond to stimulation
  5. the tiem after the absolutle refractory period whenteh neuron can fire again, but it needs a stronger stimulus
26
Q

Once a neurotransmitter has done it’s job one of two things happen. What are these?

A
  1. Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
  2. deactivation by enzymes in the synapse
27
Q

What do neuromudulators do?

A

they cause long-term changes in the postsynaptic cell.

28
Q

Explain the difference between agonists and antagonists in neurotransmitters.

A

Agonists: Rx that increase the effect of the neurotransmiter (SSRIs)

Antagonist: Rx decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter (Botox)

29
Q

_____ lives inside the hypothalamus and is considered the biological ‘master clock’, composed of thousands of neurons that secrete melatonin.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

30
Q

Provide examples and descriptions of the following drug-induced states

  1. Hallucinogens
  2. Stimulants
  3. Sedatives
  4. Narcotics
A
  1. causes distortion in perception and thinking, resembling psychosis. Examples: LSD and mescaline
  2. stimulate the CNS and cause euphoria, increased energy and sense of pleasure. Examples: caffeine, meth, cocaine
  3. slows down the CNS an causes euphoria, relaxation and loss of inhibition. Examples: alcohol, barbituates, Xanax
  4. reduces or eliminates pain and causes euphoria, relaxation and drowsiness. Examples: heroin, oxy

Psychology Prep (9 decks)

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