Personality Flashcards
Who developed the concept of Somatypes and what are they?
William Sheldon believed that phsyiques had corresponding personality types and identified three:
Endomorph: short, plump body = pleasure-seeking, social behavior
Mesomorph: muscular, athletic body = energetic, aggressive behavior
Ectomorph: skinny, fragile body = inhibited, intellectual behavior
What did Frued believe was central to human nature?
Conflict
Freud originally believed that human are motivated by _____?
the need to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Freud originally believed that our greatest conflict was between __1__ & __2__. But he later altered his theory stating that it was __3__ & __4__.
- Ego
- Libido
- Eros (life instinct)
- Thanatos (death instinct)
How did Freud organise the mind?
- Ego - the part of the mind that mediates between environment and the pressures of the id and superego.
- Id - The part of the mind that contains the unconssious biological drives and wishes.
- Superego - The part of the mind that imposes learned or socialised drives.
Explain the Freud’s ego.
The ego operates on the reality principle and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification.
Describe Freud’s Id.
The id is what is present at birth, along with biological drivces like sex and aggression. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Describe Freud’s superego.
The superego is not something one is born with, but rather develops over time and terefore is particularly influenced by more and parental training.
Symptoms of unresolved conflict, where are manifested when the ego does not find accepteable ways to express conflict include ___? And are categorically known as ___?
- Pathalogical behavior, dreams and unconscious behavior
2. Psychi determinism
What is free association?
A process in which patients report thoughts without censure or guidance, allowing unconcsious thought a way out.
The discharge of repressed emotion is called ___?
Catharsis or abreaction
What is object relations therapy?
A technique in which the therapist uses the patient’s transference to help them resolve problems that were a result of previous relationships, by correcting the emotional experience in the therapist-pateint relationship.
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
To lessen the unconscious pressure by making as much of this material conscious as possible.
List the 10 types of defense mechanisms
- Sublimation
- Regression
- Rationalisation
- Projection
- Undoing
- Reaction formation
- Displacement
- Denial
- Repression
- Intellectualisation
Anna Freud applied Freudian theory to what?
Child psychology and development
What is screen memory?
Memory that serves as a representation of important childhood experiences.
Name three notable psychoanalysts and how they carried out Freudian work.
- Melanie Klein - pioneered object relations theory with children
- Karen Horney - emphasized culture & society over instict and believed that neuroticism is expressed as movemet toward, against or away from people.
- Harry Stack Sullivan - emphasized social and internpersonal relationships
Name two famous neo-Freudians
Karen Horney - believed that we act on culture and society over instinct
Harry Stack Sullivan - believed in the importance of social and interpersonal relationsips
______ is a general term that refers to theories that emphasise the role of the unconcious.
Psychodymanic theory
In Adlerian theory, also known as 1, indivudals are viewed as 2 and exist in a process of realising themselves known as 3. During this process, individuals are motivated by 4 and experience 5. A healthy person has 6 which allows them to pursue goals that are outside of themselves and 7.
- individual theory
- creative, social and whole
- becoming
- social needs
- feelings of inferiority
- a will to power
- beneficial to society
What type of therapy is Adler known for pioneering?
Family therapy
What is the aim of Adlerian therapy?
- reduce feelings of inferiority
- foster social interest
- foster social contributions
List the four types of personailty in Adler’s personality typology
- Ruling-dominant type (choleric): high activity but low social contribution (dominant)
- Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic): low activity and high social contribution (dependent)
- Avoiding type (melancholic): low activity and low social contribution (withdrawn)
- Sociallly useful type (sanguine): high activity and high social contribution (healthy)
Carl Gustav Jung was Freud’s most beloved student but broke away because he believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on 1 and postulated that the psyche was directed instead toward 2.
- libido
2. life and awareness
Name the two types of unconcious that Jung posits
- personal unconscious: material from an individual’s own experience, which can become conscious.
- collective unconscious: dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors. This can be common to all people and contains the archetypes.
Who created the concept of the archetype?
Jung
____ allow us to organise our experiences with consistent themes and are indicated by cross-cultural similairty in symbols, folklore and myths.
Archetypes
List the 5 most common archetypes.
- Persona: the outer mask, the mediator to the external world
- Shadow: the dark side, often projected on to others
- Anima: femal elements that a man prossesses, complementing his maleness
- Animus: male elements that a female possesses, complementing her femaleness
- Sefl: full individual potential, symbolised by Buddha, Jesses and mandala
Humansistic theory was created by 1 and humansitic perspective became known as the 2, after 3 and 4.
- Carl Rogers
- third force
- psychoanalysis
- behaviorism
Humanistic theory postulates that people who lack 1 between their real selves and self concept, will develop 2.
- congruence
2. psychological tension
Humanistic theory is also known as…
- person-centred
2. Rogerian
Rogerian theory (also known as what?) sees a person centred type of therapy, in which the therapist is 1, providing an atmosphere for the client’s 2.
- nondirective
2. self-exploration
In humanistic theory, the role of the therapist is to provide what three things?
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
- genuineness/congruence
Abraham Maslow was a leader in what movement of psychology?
Humanistic
Describe the order of Maslow’s Heirarchy, from top to bottom.
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Social belonging
- Esteem
- Self-actualisation
Who suggested that personal constructs determine personaliyg and behavior?
George Kelly
Who are the three originators of Behaviour Theory?
- B. F. Skinner
- Ivan Pavlov
- Joseph Wolpe
Behaviour theory is the application of 1 and 2 to human behavior.
- classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
Behavior theory is a model of behavior based on what?
learning
Describe the differences between radical and neo- behaviorism in behavior theory.
radical behavior: associated with Skinner’s operant ideas that behavior is related only to consequence.
neobehaviorism: incorporates internal events and takes these into account when understanding behavior.
Name the 7 most cited techniques for counter-conditioning in behaviour theory/therapy.
- Systematic desensitization
- Flooding or implosive therapy
- Aversion therapy
- Shaping
- Modeling
- Assertiveness training
- Role playing
Neal Miller and John Dollard integrated 1 into psychoanalytic thinking and developed the 2.
- behavioral perspective
2. approach-avoidance conflict
Who developed social cognitive perspective?
Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel
The social cognitive perspective asserts that personality is a reslt of interactions between what three things? And that this relationships is known as what?
- behavior, cognition and environment
2. reciprocal determinism
Social cognitive perspective incorporates what three things?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- social learning
Who develoed the Marshmallow Test?
Walter Mischel
What is the difference between external and internal locus of control and who developed them?
External: a personality characteristic which causes one to view events as the result of luck or fate. This can cause helplessness.
Internal: causes a person to view events asa teh outcome of her own actions. Too much can create self-blame.
These were developed by Julian Rotter
Who developed learned helplessness and how can it be fixed or countered?
- Martin Seligman
2. Learned optimism through cognitive training
Who developed cognitive theory?
Aaron Beck
Cognitive theory gives __1__ as opposed to __2__ the starring role in a person’s life.
- conscious thought pattersn
2. emotions or behaviors
Cognitive theory believes that the way a person __1__ is more important than the experience itself.
- interprets experience
What are the five type sof maladaptive congitions according to congition theory?
- Arbitrary inference (drawing a conclusion without evidence)
- Overgeneralisation (mistaking isolated incidents for the norm)
- Magnifying/minimizing (making too much or little of something)
- Personalising (Inappropriately taking responsibility)
- Dichotomous thinking (black and white thinking)
What did Aaron Beck believe caused depression and what is the BDI?
- the cognitive triad of negative views of 1) the self; 2) the world; 3) the future
- the BDI is the Beck Depression Inventory which is used most frequently as a research tool to determine a number of depressive symptoms in a person and someimes used clinically.
Who created Rational-Emotive Behavioral Theory?
Albert Ellis
What elements does REBT include and what did it’s creator Albert Ellis believe of behavior?
- includes elements of 1) congitive; 2) behavioral; 3) emotional theories
- Ellis believed that intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior
Who established Gestalt Theory?
Perls, Wertheimer and Koffka
Gestalt theory/psychology encourages people to stand apart from 1 and fully experience and perceive the present to 2.
- beliefs, biases and attitudes dervied from the past
2. become a whole and integrated person
In Gestalt therapy, therapists focus on what kind of communication and experiences?
- dialogue, rather than leading to a goal
2. here and now experiences
According to Extistential Theory by 1, a person’s greatest struggles are 2 and 3.
- Victor Frankl
- being versus non-being
- meaningfulness versus meaninglessness
What is the ‘will to meaning’ by Frankl?
an individsuals constant striving to rise above a simple behavioral existence and toward a genuine and meaningful existence.
A phenomenological view of personality focusses on what?
the individual’s unique self and experiences.
What model of psychopathology believes that perceived meaninglessness of life results in neurosis or neurotic anxiety?
Existential theory
Gordon Allport emphasised ideographic approaches over nomothetic approaches to personality theory. What are these?
Ideographic approach: attempts to capture an individual’s unique, defining characteristics.
Nomothetic approach: uses large numbers of people to study the commonalities of people.
What did Allport refer to instead of the term ‘ego’?
Proprium or propriate
What are the levels of Allport’s traits heriarchy? And many traits did he gather?
- Cardinal - rare, occur later in life and dominate the personality that the person becomes known for.
- Central - the qualities that one possesses across situations.
- Secondary - traits that appear only in certain situations.
- 5,000
What is the difference between traits and states?
Trait - relatively enduring characterstics
States - temporary feelings or characteristics
1 used factor analysis to reduce Allport’s 5,000 traits in to 2. Later computer programmes where used by modern therists who developed 3.
- Raymond Cattell
- 16 bipolar source traits
- the Big Five
What are the Big Five?
They are superfactors of dimensions that seem to encompass all of personality. They include:
- O-dimension (openness to experience, intellectual curiosity)
- C- dimension (conscientiousness)
- E-dimension (extroversion)
- A-dimension (agreeableness)
- N-dimension (neuroticism, nervousness)
Who used factor analysis to identify the underlying traits of the personality-type dimensions of introversion-extroversion and stable-unstable? And what did he find?
- Hans Eysenck
2. The two dimensions formed a cross and therefore four quadrants exist: phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and sanguine.
1 and 2 are known for studying Type A personality and 3 linked Type A personality to heart disease and other health problems.
- Meyer Friedman
- Ray Rosenman
- Grant Dahlstrom
What is authoritarianism and how is it measured?
- A disposition to the view the world as full of power relationships. Individuals are either highly domineering or highly submissive and are likely conventional, aggressive, steretyping and anti-introspective.
- the F-Scale
What is the Barnum effect?
the tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provied.
Seymore Epstein was critical of what?
Personality trait theory
1 and 2 found that personality changes very little after 30.
Costa and McCrae
What is the consistency paradox?
the idea that a person may behave insonsistently, presenting real problems for labeling people has having a single disposition.
Why psychologists crticised trait and type theories, believing that both assume a person’s behavior is stable across situations and fail to take into account the circumstances.
Seymore Epstein and Walter Mischel
What is cognitive protype appraoch and who proposed it?
- the examination of cognitive behavior in social situations.
- Nancy Cantor and Walter Mischel
Who created the Bem Sex Role Inventory and what is it?
- Sandra Bem
2. a mesure of masculinity and femininity
Matian Horner believed that femails shunned masculine-type success because of what?
fear of success and the negative reprecussions like resentment
Who scrutinised studies of sex differences and found that very few differences existed that could not be explained by social learning? These included…
- Maccoby and Jacklin
2. females have greater verbal ability and male shave greater visual/spacial ability
Self-awareness is a ___ while self-consciousness is a ___.
state
trait
___ is a sort of unrealistic self-esteem
Narcissism
Who created stress-inoculation therapy and what is it used for?
- Donald Meichenbaum
2. prepares people for foreseeable stressors
What are the two best known personality tests?
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
2. California Personality Inventory (CPI)
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and who developed it?
Developed by Henry Murray
It consists of ambiguous story cards, Murray believed that people would project their own needs onto the cards.
What is the goal of these Old School therapies?
- Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
- Individual theory (Adler)
- Analytical theory (Jung)
- Humanistic theory (Rogers)
- Behavior theory (Skinner, Pavlov, Wolpe)
- Social Cognitive Perspective (Bandura and Mischel)
- Cognitive theory (Beck)
- Rational-Emotive Behavioral theory (Ellis)
9, Gestalt theory (Perls, Wertheimer and Koffka) - Existential theory (Frankl)
- to lessen the unconscious pressures and make this as conscious as possible.
- to reduce feelings of inferiority and foster social interest and contribution
- use unconscious messages to become more aware and closer to potential
- provide a trusting atmosphere, engage in self-directed growth
- to change behavior in the desired or adaptive direction
- to improve a person’s perceived self-efficacy beliefs.
- to correct maladaptive cognitions
- for effective rational beliefs (E) to replace previous self-defeating ones
- exploration of self-awareness and full experiencing of the present.
- to help clients understand how they create meaning in the world
Which type of therapy uses the ABCDE system and what does it stand for?
- Rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
- A- activating event
- B - belief about the event
- C - consequence of emotional disruption
- D- dispute of previously applied beliefs
- E- effective rational beliefs
