Learning & Language Flashcards
Describe the 3 stages of age through learning
- Prime learning: 3-20
- Fairly constant: 20-50
- Learning drops: 50+
Who described the learning curve and what does it mean?
Ebbinghaus
When learning something new, the rate of learning usually changes over time.
Who wrote the first educational psychology book and when?
Thorndike in 1903
What is a phenome?
Discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning like ‘ee’ or ‘sh’
What are morphemes?
Made up of phonemes - the smallest units of meaning in language - the broken down parts of a word like ‘un’ : ‘break’ : “able”.
A ____ is a group of words that, when put together, function as a single part of a sentence.
phrase
Describe habituation.
decreased responsiveness because of increased familiarty
What is insight learning? And what famous experiment was conducted on this and by who?
- Unlike trial and error learning, insight learning occurs when the solution to the problem appears all at once through mental processing, rather than building up to a solution.
- the chimpanzee experiement developed by Wolfgang Kohler: chimpanzees were tasked with reaching for bananas which were out of reach.
Explain the basic idea of social leaning theory and the famous experiment it executed.
- Also known as observational learning, individuals learn through their culture, by interacting in society through modeling.
- The Bobo doll experiment - children who witnessed adults hitting a clown doll would do the same and the opposite was also true.
What are the 3 drives of motivation?
- Primary or Instinctual Drive (hunger/thirst)
- Secondary or Acquired Drive (money/status)
- Exploratory Drive
Which theories/theorists believe that humans are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis?
- Balance theory - Heider
- Congruity theory - Osgood and Tannenbaum
- Cognitive Dissonance theory - Festinger
Clark Hull proposed what formula for motivation?
Performance = Drive x Habit
Edward Tolman proposed theExpectancyValueTheoryandwhat formula of motivation?
Performance = expectation x value
Also known as expectancy value theory
Who studied the ‘need for achievement’?
Murray and McClelland
Who proposed the Approach - Avoidance Conflict and what does it mean?
1 Neil Miller
- The further one is from a goal, the more one focusses on the pros. The closer one is the goal, teh more one focusses on teh cons or the reasons to avoid the goal.
What is the Premack Principle?
The idea that people do things they don’t want to do by rewarding themselves after with something they like to do.
Donald Hebb postulated that a ____ amount of arousal is best for performance.
medium
Describe State Dependent Learning.
The concept that what a person learns in one state is best recalled in that same state.
Give examples of ‘continuous’ vs. ‘discrete’ motor tasks.
- Continuous: (riding a bike) - once started it continues naturally
- Discrete: (setting up a chess set) - the proper positions require different bits of information
Describe positive and negative transfer
- Positive: a previous learning that make sit easier to learn another task.
- Negative: a previous learning that make sit harder to learn a new task.
What did Donald Hebb contribute to cognitive theory of learning?
He created an early model of how learning happens in the brain - through the formation of sets of neurons that learn to fire together
Describe dishabituation
- remove the stimulus that had become habituated
- reintroduce the stimulus
- the organism will noticei it again.
What type of learning is a key element of Gestalt psychology and why?
Insight learning
Becasuse people organise elements in a situation and think about them in relation to one another.
What is Prosody?
Tone inflections, accents and other aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning
What is the study of sound patterns in language?
Phonology
_____ is the study of how signs and symbols are interpreted to make meaning?
semantics
Define intelligence…
The capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
What 11 mistake are made when we use schemas and heuristics?
(Hint:ISawHaydenHadFaintedBecauseJessicaHadOpenedIceLollies)
- Illusory correlation
- Slippery slope
- Hindsight bias
- Halo effect
- False consensu bias
- Base-rate fallacy
- Just-world bias
- Illusion of control
- Oversimplification
- Lack of awareness
- Believing and creating explanations for statemens we’ve processed which aren’t true
What did Richard Nesbitt’s reasearch show?
We lack awareness for why we do what we do.
Who developed the just-world bias and what is it?
M. J. Lerner
The idea that people get what they deserve
Who studied the illusion of control and what is it?
Ellen Langer
tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events
____ studied subjects who were given statements and then told it’s false. If they already processed it, they would _____.
- Lee Ross
- Still believe it and make up an explanation.
What is the theory or Reasoned Action, who developed it and what is it known as today?
(Hint: Indain Matchmaker)
- People’s behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation.
- Fishbeinn and Ajzen
- Theory of Planned Behavior
What does McGuire’s Innoculation Theory assert?
People’s beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge.
But once they expereience challenge, their opinion are less vulnerable.
What is the order of factors which attract us to others?
- Proximity
- Phsyical attraction
- Similar (attitude)
- Reciprocity
Which researcher posits that there are 2 types of love - passionate and companionate.
Elaine Hatfield
Who developed the Triangular Model of Love and how does it work?
- Sternberg
- There are 3 levels: intimacy, passion and commitment
Romantic love - intimacy and passion
Companionate love - intimacy and commitment
Fatuous love - passion and commitment
Consummate love - all three
Who developed the Robber’s Cave experiment and what 3 phases did it reveal about group ineraction?
Muzafer Sherif
1 - in-group bonding
2 - intergroup competition/conflict
3 - common goal provided conflict resolution
What is the Bonafide Pipeline?
A procedure used to determine a person’s implicit associations or beliefs about other social groups.
Who conducted the famous doll preference studies which factored into the decision of what famous 1954 Supreme Court case ruling?
- Kenneth and Mamie Clark
- Brown v. Board of Education
M. Rokeach found that people prefer to be with 1 people more than 2 people.
- Like-minded
- Like-skinned
Hazel Markus found that Eastern countries value 1 while Western countries value 1.
- Interdependence
- Indpedence
_____ suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimise cost.
Social Exchange Theory
__1__ is the tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder peformance.
__2__ found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks.
- Social Facilitation
- Rober Zajonc
List 6 strategies for makingsomeonecompliant.
(Hint: Daddy Fights Lawns That Don’t Integrate)
- Door in the face
- Foot in the door
- Low-ball technique
- That’s not all technique
- Deadline technique
- Ingratiation
What is deindividuation?
High degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility
The Kitty Genovese case led to the investigation of what?
Bystander effect
Explain the difference between:
- Empathy - altruism hypothesis
- Negative state relief model
- Empathic - joy model
People behave prosocially in order to:
- help another person in need
- feel better about themselves/their situation
- feel good
Describe a scheme, assimilation and accommodation
- Schema: an organised bunch of data based on previous experience like; birds - wings, feathers, flying, worms.
- Assimilation: when new events/objects are categorised based on how they match a schema.
- Accommodation: when we learn something new that forces us to adjust a schema - like penguins are also birds.
__1__ was the first person to study memory semantically, and proposed a __2__ curve.
- Ebbinghaus
2.Forgetting curve
Who proposed the Heirerachecal Semantic Networks and what are they?
- Loftus and Collins
- Proposed that all human knowledge is organised into heirarchies, which are either superordinate (general knowledge) or subordinate (specific/detail knowledge).
List the seven tools for encoding
Mnemonics
Clustering
Rehearsal
Organisation
Elaborative encoding
Dual coding
Self-reference
__1__ found that memories are stored __2__ in the brain.
- Lashley
- difussely
Describe implicit memory and its two types
- knowing something without being aware of knowing it
- Two types are:
motor skill procedures
classical conditioning
Describe explicit memory and its two types.
- knowing something and being conciously aware of it
- Types:
Episodic - a person’s experiences of the world
Semantic - facts and information or general knowledge
What are each of the following psychologists best known for developing?
- Thorndike
- Lewin
- Watson
- Hull
- Skinner
- Thorndike - Connectionism and the Puzzle Box
- Lewin - Theory of Association
- School of Behaviorism
- Hypothetic-deductve model
- Operant conditioning
What are the 4 types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
- Primary - a natural reinforcemnt like food or water
- Secondary - a learned reinforcement, taugth by society
- Positive - adding something desirable to increase likelihood of response
- Negative - removing a negative event to increase likelihood of behavior.
What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?
- Fixed ratio - reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses.
- variable ratio - reinforcement is delivered after a different number of correct responses.
- fixed interval - rewards come after the passage of tiem rather than a number of behaviors
- variable interval - rewards are delilvered after differing time periods
Name the two ways in which taste aversion learning is differnt to classical conditioning.
- the response usually only takes one time
- the response takes a very long time to extinguish, if ever.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning is associated with implicit knowledge and involuntary behavior
Operant conditioning is associated with explicit knowledge and voluntary behavior
What are the 5 concepts within classical conditioning?
- UCS: Unconditioned stimulus
- UCR: Unconditioned response
- NS: Neutral stimulus
- CS: Conditioned stimulus
- CR: Conditioned response
What is higher-order or second-order conditiong?
A previous CS now acts as a UCS
What is forward conditioning? And what are it’s two types?
- Pairing the NS and UCS in which the NS is presented before the UCS.
- Types:
Delayed condtioning: the presentation of the NS begins before the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented
Trace conditioning: the NS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented
What is backward conditioning?
The NS is presented after the UCS is presented
This can cause inhibitory conditioning, where even a reversal to forward is now less effective.
