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Psychology Prep > Learning & Language > Flashcards

Learning & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the 3 stages of age through learning

A
  1. Prime learning: 3-20
  2. Fairly constant: 20-50
  3. Learning drops: 50+
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2
Q

Who described the learning curve and what does it mean?

A

Ebbinghaus

When learning something new, the rate of learning usually changes over time.

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3
Q

Who wrote the first educational psychology book and when?

A

Thorndike in 1903

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4
Q

What is a phenome?

A

Discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning like ‘ee’ or ‘sh’

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5
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Made up of phonemes - the smallest units of meaning in language - the broken down parts of a word like ‘un’ : ‘break’ : “able”.

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6
Q

A ____ is a group of words that, when put together, function as a single part of a sentence.

A

phrase

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7
Q

Describe habituation.

A

decreased responsiveness because of increased familiarty

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8
Q

What is insight learning? And what famous experiment was conducted on this and by who?

A
  1. Unlike trial and error learning, insight learning occurs when the solution to the problem appears all at once through mental processing, rather than building up to a solution.
  2. the chimpanzee experiement developed by Wolfgang Kohler: chimpanzees were tasked with reaching for bananas which were out of reach.
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9
Q

Explain the basic idea of social leaning theory and the famous experiment it executed.

A
  1. Also known as observational learning, individuals learn through their culture, by interacting in society through modeling.
  2. The Bobo doll experiment - children who witnessed adults hitting a clown doll would do the same and the opposite was also true.
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10
Q

What are the 3 drives of motivation?

A
  1. Primary or Instinctual Drive (hunger/thirst)
  2. Secondary or Acquired Drive (money/status)
  3. Exploratory Drive
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11
Q

Which theories/theorists believe that humans are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis?

A
  1. Balance theory - Heider
  2. Congruity theory - Osgood and Tannenbaum
  3. Cognitive Dissonance theory - Festinger
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12
Q

Clark Hull proposed what formula for motivation?

A

Performance = Drive x Habit

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13
Q

Edward Tolman proposed theExpectancyValueTheoryandwhat formula of motivation?

A

Performance = expectation x value

Also known as expectancy value theory

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14
Q

Who studied the ‘need for achievement’?

A

Murray and McClelland

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15
Q

Who proposed the Approach - Avoidance Conflict and what does it mean?

A

1 Neil Miller

  1. The further one is from a goal, the more one focusses on the pros. The closer one is the goal, teh more one focusses on teh cons or the reasons to avoid the goal.
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16
Q

What is the Premack Principle?

A

The idea that people do things they don’t want to do by rewarding themselves after with something they like to do.

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17
Q

Donald Hebb postulated that a ____ amount of arousal is best for performance.

A

medium

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18
Q

Describe State Dependent Learning.

A

The concept that what a person learns in one state is best recalled in that same state.

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19
Q

Give examples of ‘continuous’ vs. ‘discrete’ motor tasks.

A
  1. Continuous: (riding a bike) - once started it continues naturally
  2. Discrete: (setting up a chess set) - the proper positions require different bits of information
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20
Q

Describe positive and negative transfer

A
  1. Positive: a previous learning that make sit easier to learn another task.
  2. Negative: a previous learning that make sit harder to learn a new task.
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21
Q

What did Donald Hebb contribute to cognitive theory of learning?

A

He created an early model of how learning happens in the brain - through the formation of sets of neurons that learn to fire together

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22
Q

Describe dishabituation

A
  1. remove the stimulus that had become habituated
  2. reintroduce the stimulus
  3. the organism will noticei it again.
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23
Q

What type of learning is a key element of Gestalt psychology and why?

A

Insight learning

Becasuse people organise elements in a situation and think about them in relation to one another.

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24
Q

What is Prosody?

A

Tone inflections, accents and other aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning

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25
Q

What is the study of sound patterns in language?

A

Phonology

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26
Q

_____ is the study of how signs and symbols are interpreted to make meaning?

A

semantics

27
Q

Define intelligence…

A

The capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment

28
Q

What 11 mistake are made when we use schemas and heuristics?

(Hint:ISawHaydenHadFaintedBecauseJessicaHadOpenedIceLollies)

A
  1. Illusory correlation
  2. Slippery slope
  3. Hindsight bias
  4. Halo effect
  5. False consensu bias
  6. Base-rate fallacy
  7. Just-world bias
  8. Illusion of control
  9. Oversimplification
  10. Lack of awareness
  11. Believing and creating explanations for statemens we’ve processed which aren’t true
29
Q

What did Richard Nesbitt’s reasearch show?

A

We lack awareness for why we do what we do.

30
Q

Who developed the just-world bias and what is it?

A

M. J. Lerner

The idea that people get what they deserve

31
Q

Who studied the illusion of control and what is it?

A

Ellen Langer

tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events

32
Q

____ studied subjects who were given statements and then told it’s false. If they already processed it, they would _____.

A
  1. Lee Ross
  2. Still believe it and make up an explanation.
33
Q

What is the theory or Reasoned Action, who developed it and what is it known as today?

(Hint: Indain Matchmaker)

A
  1. People’s behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation.
  2. Fishbeinn and Ajzen
  3. Theory of Planned Behavior
34
Q

What does McGuire’s Innoculation Theory assert?

A

People’s beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge.

But once they expereience challenge, their opinion are less vulnerable.

35
Q

What is the order of factors which attract us to others?

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Phsyical attraction
  3. Similar (attitude)
  4. Reciprocity
36
Q

Which researcher posits that there are 2 types of love - passionate and companionate.

A

Elaine Hatfield

37
Q

Who developed the Triangular Model of Love and how does it work?

A
  1. Sternberg
  2. There are 3 levels: intimacy, passion and commitment

Romantic love - intimacy and passion
Companionate love - intimacy and commitment
Fatuous love - passion and commitment
Consummate love - all three

38
Q

Who developed the Robber’s Cave experiment and what 3 phases did it reveal about group ineraction?

A

Muzafer Sherif

1 - in-group bonding
2 - intergroup competition/conflict
3 - common goal provided conflict resolution

39
Q

What is the Bonafide Pipeline?

A

A procedure used to determine a person’s implicit associations or beliefs about other social groups.

40
Q

Who conducted the famous doll preference studies which factored into the decision of what famous 1954 Supreme Court case ruling?

A
  1. Kenneth and Mamie Clark
  2. Brown v. Board of Education
41
Q

M. Rokeach found that people prefer to be with 1 people more than 2 people.

A
  1. Like-minded
  2. Like-skinned
42
Q

Hazel Markus found that Eastern countries value 1 while Western countries value 1.

A
  1. Interdependence
  2. Indpedence
43
Q

_____ suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimise cost.

A

Social Exchange Theory

44
Q

__1__ is the tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder peformance.

__2__ found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks.

A
  1. Social Facilitation
  2. Rober Zajonc
45
Q

List 6 strategies for makingsomeonecompliant.

(Hint: Daddy Fights Lawns That Don’t Integrate)

A
  1. Door in the face
  2. Foot in the door
  3. Low-ball technique
  4. That’s not all technique
  5. Deadline technique
  6. Ingratiation
46
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

High degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility

47
Q

The Kitty Genovese case led to the investigation of what?

A

Bystander effect

48
Q

Explain the difference between:

  1. Empathy - altruism hypothesis
  2. Negative state relief model
  3. Empathic - joy model
A

People behave prosocially in order to:

  1. help another person in need
  2. feel better about themselves/their situation
  3. feel good
49
Q

Describe a scheme, assimilation and accommodation

A
  1. Schema: an organised bunch of data based on previous experience like; birds - wings, feathers, flying, worms.
  2. Assimilation: when new events/objects are categorised based on how they match a schema.
  3. Accommodation: when we learn something new that forces us to adjust a schema - like penguins are also birds.
50
Q

__1__ was the first person to study memory semantically, and proposed a __2__ curve.

A
  1. Ebbinghaus
    2.Forgetting curve
51
Q

Who proposed the Heirerachecal Semantic Networks and what are they?

A
  1. Loftus and Collins
  2. Proposed that all human knowledge is organised into heirarchies, which are either superordinate (general knowledge) or subordinate (specific/detail knowledge).
52
Q

List the seven tools for encoding

A

Mnemonics
Clustering
Rehearsal
Organisation
Elaborative encoding
Dual coding
Self-reference

53
Q

__1__ found that memories are stored __2__ in the brain.

A
  1. Lashley
  2. difussely
54
Q

Describe implicit memory and its two types

A
  1. knowing something without being aware of knowing it
  2. Two types are:

motor skill procedures
classical conditioning

55
Q

Describe explicit memory and its two types.

A
  1. knowing something and being conciously aware of it
  2. Types:

Episodic - a person’s experiences of the world
Semantic - facts and information or general knowledge

56
Q

What are each of the following psychologists best known for developing?

  1. Thorndike
  2. Lewin
  3. Watson
  4. Hull
  5. Skinner
A
  1. Thorndike - Connectionism and the Puzzle Box
  2. Lewin - Theory of Association
  3. School of Behaviorism
  4. Hypothetic-deductve model
  5. Operant conditioning
57
Q

What are the 4 types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A
  1. Primary - a natural reinforcemnt like food or water
  2. Secondary - a learned reinforcement, taugth by society
  3. Positive - adding something desirable to increase likelihood of response
  4. Negative - removing a negative event to increase likelihood of behavior.
58
Q

What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?

A
  1. Fixed ratio - reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses.
  2. variable ratio - reinforcement is delivered after a different number of correct responses.
  3. fixed interval - rewards come after the passage of tiem rather than a number of behaviors
  4. variable interval - rewards are delilvered after differing time periods
59
Q

Name the two ways in which taste aversion learning is differnt to classical conditioning.

A
  1. the response usually only takes one time
  2. the response takes a very long time to extinguish, if ever.
60
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is associated with implicit knowledge and involuntary behavior

Operant conditioning is associated with explicit knowledge and voluntary behavior

61
Q

What are the 5 concepts within classical conditioning?

A
  1. UCS: Unconditioned stimulus
  2. UCR: Unconditioned response
  3. NS: Neutral stimulus
  4. CS: Conditioned stimulus
  5. CR: Conditioned response
62
Q

What is higher-order or second-order conditiong?

A

A previous CS now acts as a UCS

63
Q

What is forward conditioning? And what are it’s two types?

A
  1. Pairing the NS and UCS in which the NS is presented before the UCS.
  2. Types:

Delayed condtioning: the presentation of the NS begins before the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented

Trace conditioning: the NS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented

64
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

The NS is presented after the UCS is presented

This can cause inhibitory conditioning, where even a reversal to forward is now less effective.

Psychology Prep (9 decks)

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