Social Psychology

Question 1

dispositonal factors

Answer 1

Internal factors affecting the interaction between individual and society

Question 2

Situational factors

Answer 2

External factorsaffecting the interaction between individual and society

Question 3

social reality

Answer 3

subjective interpretation of the others and the relationship with oneself

Question 4

Universal social cognition

Answer 4

Warmth

Competence (skills)

Question 5

Reward theory of attraction

Answer 5

Attraction occurs when reward is maximised with minimised effort

• 4 factors: proximity; similarity; self-disclosure; physical attractiveness

Question 6

Matching hypothesis

Answer 6

ppl are attracted by ppl with same level of attractiveness

Question 7

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 7

A relationship is maintain determined by weighing the potential value and expected value of it.

Question 8

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 8

when dissonance occurs (conflicting cognition); one can either change Behaviour/Cognition

Question 9

stereotype; prejudice; discrimination

Answer 9

stereotype = cognition (+, -)
prejudice = attitude (-)
discrimination = action (-)

Question 10

causes of prejudice

Answer 10

• dissimilarity across in-group/out-group
• media stereotypes
• social norms

Question 11

combat prejudice

Answer 11

• new role model
• legislation
• Education is less effective because ppl tend to avoid certain info (conformation bias)

Question 12

power of situation

Answer 12

situational factor, where others in the society affect one’s behaviour

Question 13

Conformity

Answer 13

= change of behaviour according to others within the society

Question 14

causes of conformity

Answer 14

informative (to be right)
normative (to fit-in)
cultural (collectivism = social harmony maintenance)

Question 15

result of conformity

Answer 15

• groupthink – lacking creativity

- perpetuation of habits/behaviour – potential faulty behaviour being kept

Question 16

obedience

Answer 16

= change of behaviour to please certain authoritative figure

Question 17

Asch Experiment

Answer 17

• perception of picture within a group

Question 18

Milgram’s experiment

Answer 18

• • ppts were asked to ‘harm’ others under the instruction of an authoritative figure
• • results: high proportion of the ppt would obey
• • unethical study

Question 19

By-stander effect

Answer 19

= failure to response to an emergency/offer help when there are other bystanders in the situation

Question 20

Kitty Genovese Case

Answer 20

• a case showing by-stander effect

Question 21

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 21

• bystander effect increase with a larger number of by-stander; because the responsibility is diluted
• increase number of by-stander = increase reaction time

Question 22

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 22

tendency to max internal factors, ignoring external factors

- prone to individualistic culture

Question 23

Self-serving Bias

Answer 23

self success = internal

self failure = external

Question 24

acter-observer Bias

Answer 24

self = external factors
others = internal factors

Question 25

power of system

Answer 25

system = institutional settings
= management & control
= punishment & rewards

Question 26

system power

Answer 26

= difference of power occurred within a society

Question 27

top-down influence

Answer 27

• in system, from general to individual

Question 28

bottom-down influence

Answer 28

in social norm

from individual to general

Question 29

Zimbardo’s Stanford prison study

Answer 29

• demonstrate how system setting affect personal behaviour

- highly unethical, problematic study design

Question 30

Bad Apple Bad barrel theory

Answer 30

• by Zimbardo

Aad Apple = blame individual
Bad barrel = blame nature of the situation/system
Bad barrel-maker = blame individuals within the system, with higher power