Consciousness

Question 1

Freud’s Level of consciousness

Answer 1

• conscious
• preconscious – not in consciousness, but can be recalled into consciousness with effort
• unconscious

Question 2

Stream of consciousness

Answer 2

consciousness = streams of ever-changing thoughts, feelings, perceptions and desires

Question 3

function of consciousness

Answer 3

• restrict attention
• combine processes (e.g., memory + sensation = perception)
• creation and manipulation (e.g., past and future)

Question 4

2 key criteria in consciousness

Answer 4

• awakeness (alertness)

- awareness (of internal and external experiences)

Question 5

tools measuring consicousness

Answer 5

• mental rotation task
• binocular rivalry task (perceptual switching)
• imagine - EEG, PET, CT, MRI, fMRI

Question 6

altered state of consciousness

Answer 6

• day-dreaming = awareness shift inwards
• hypnosis = decrease awakeness, increase suggestibility
• meditation = focus on internal
• psychoactive drugs

Question 7

Types of psychoactive drugs and effects.

Answer 7

• hallucinogens = create hallucination (Cannabis; Marijuana)
• Depressant = increase relaxation (Alcohol)
• Stimulant = increase excitation (Agonist of Dopamine)
• Opiates - pain-releasing

Question 8

Addiction

Answer 8

• distortion of the reward system
• physical == tolerance (same amount of drug no longer causing effect)
• psychological == withdrawal (removal of drugs causing great discomfort)

Question 9

sleep cycle

Answer 9

• circadian cycle = melatonin = 24 hours

Question 10

REM and Non-REM

Answer 10

REM

• brain wave similar to awake state
• eyelid movement
• dream occur

non-REM
- 3 stages: Alpha; Theta (k-complex, sudden arousal occur); Delta (< 3Hz, decreased heartrate)

sleep = 4-6 full circle of REM + Non-REM, each cycle 90 minutes

Question 11

Freuds’ Theory of Dreams

Answer 11

Dreams are

• meaningful
• fulfill unconscious desires

Question 12

Significant/Recency Events hypothesis

Answer 12

dreams reflect recent events

Question 13

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Answer 13

• dreams are the random neural activities from the process of trying to make sense of the world.

Question 14

Sleep disorder

Answer 14

• Insomnia = inability to fall asleep quickly + frequency arousal
• Apnea = trouble breathing while sleeping
• Narcolepsy = loss of muscle control
• Parasomnias

Question 15

Parasomnias

Answer 15

undesirable motor activity while sleeping, e.g., sleep-walk

Question 16

Narcolepsy

Answer 16

sudden loss of muscle control whie sleeping

Question 17

Sleep Apnea

Answer 17

• stop breathing while sleeping