Social Psych 6 - Perceiving Social and Cultural Diversity

Question 1

What does “exposure to diversity” have on percieved attitudes towards minority groups

Answer 1

a positive influence on attitudes towards minority groups

Question 2

What does the cross categorization model (Crisp et al 2002) state?

Answer 2

There is a positive influence on attitudes towards minotry groups when shared identities that cut across existing intergroup dicotomies are made

• e.g. if two ethnic groups have the same religion, it cuts across the boundaries and the shared identification binds the two groups*
• when categories cut across one another it weakens to salience of ‘us’ versus ‘them’ distinction*

Question 3

Australian is a ________ identity whereas Indigenous vs Non-indigenous are _______ identities

what level of categorization are they

Answer 3

1) Superordinate
2) Subordinate

Question 4

What is the benefit of classifying different subordinate groups with a superordinate group

e.g. we are all australian, doesn’t matter our race

Answer 4

Gives us a shared identity as the categorisation encompasses everyone

The cross categorization model

Question 5

Categories that ____ _____ categories have been shown to reliably reduce intergroup differentiation and intergroup bias (Crisp and Hewstone, 1999)

Answer 5

cut across

superordinate categories

Question 6

Heuristic processing is unconscious processing where stereotypes originate

What type of processing do we use when people have ‘multiple categorisations’ which have a high level of category complexity?

Answer 6

We use a individuated systematic mode of impression formation - rather than categorical processing

harder to pigeon hole so we must think about it more

Question 7

Experiencing diversity can trigger less _______ processing of information

Answer 7

heuristic

or categorical

Question 8

What are the two ends of the continuum model of processing? (Fiske and Neubergm 1990

Answer 8

Category-based

Data-based

Question 9

According to the continuum model of processing

Slow, strategic, cognitively demanding, conscious processing is what type of processing?

Answer 9

Data based

Question 10

What are stereotypical inconsistencies?

Answer 10

When we run into a person who doesn’t fit the stereotype

female mechanic, woman prime minister, white muslim etc.

Question 11

What does being confronted with stereotypical inconsistencies do to our stereotypes?

Answer 11

They can generate more emergent attributes rather than relying on existing stereotypes

Question 12

What are emergent attributes?

Answer 12

Attributes ascribed to category combinations that are independent of those associated with either of the constituent categories

• e.g. woman mechanic*
• stereotypes emerge that didnt have to do with being a e.g. woman or mechanic*

Question 13

How are stereotypical inconsistencies resolved?

2 ways

Answer 13

1. Subtyping model of stereotypes - subtyping the individual instance as an exception or unrepresentative of the category
2. Stereptype inhibition and suppression - When increasing experience of stereotypically challenging diversity, individuals automate the monitoring and suppression of stereotypical knowledge
   * repeated exposure to stereotype inconsistencies encourages greater cognitive flexibility by stimulating generative thought*

Question 14

What model of stereotyping are we likely to use if we are exposed to a single isolated case of a stereotype inconsistency?

Answer 14

Subtyping model

Question 15

What model of stereotyping are we likely to use if we are exposed to multiple, repeated cases of a stereotype inconsistency?

Answer 15

Stereotype suppression

May lead to cognitive adaptation to stereotype inhibition which becomes easier with repeated engagement - stereotype suppression may become automatic overtime (i.e. we change our stereotype)

Question 16

Repeated exposure to stereotype inconsistencies may lead to….

Answer 16

changing the stereotype

or stereotype inhibition becoming automatic

Question 17

Will repeted exposure to stereotype inconsistencies always reduce/repress stereotypes?

Explain

Answer 17

Only under certain conditions

1. Percievers need to be motivated to engage in elaborated processing to resolve the stereotype inconsistency
2. Social and cultural diversity in complex societies may provide the social conditions
3. Political climate needs to promote values of diversity and provide different groups inclusive shared (superordinate) identities

Question 18

What 3 conditions are required for stereotype inconsistencies to change a stereotype?

Answer 18

1. Percievers must be motivated to process change

2. Society must be socially and culturally diverse

3. Political climate must value diversity - must provide superordinate groups that they all share

• 1. Percievers need to be motivated to engage in elaborated processing to resolve the stereotype inconsistency*
• 2. Social and cultural diversity in complex societies may provide the social conditions*
• 3. Political climate needs to promote values of diversity and provide different groups inclusive shared (superordinate) identities*

Question 19

What challenges do we face with creating a political climate that values diversity and includes superordinate categories that everyone can take part in?

Answer 19

Superordinate categories that we use to include diverse groups can be used to exclude

(e.g. Australian - nationalist “we are all Australian” or “only whites are Australian”)

Categories are not static, can be used in different ways by different people

Question 20

For real social change to happen, diversity must be experienced in ways that challenge ________ expectations

Answer 20

stereotypical

Question 21

What was found when researching individuals who were motivated to engage with and resolve stereotypical inconsistencies rather than submitting to them?

Why did this happen?

Answer 21

They development of greater cognitive flexibility (better at solving puzzles)

1. Suppression of stereotypical knowledge
2. Stimulation of generative thought and cognitive complexity

Question 22

What are the two benefits of social diversity?

Answer 22

1. Intergroup benefits

(decrease intergroup differentiations - tolerance between groups)

2. Psychological benefits

(facilitates cognitive complexity, flexibility and generative thought)