L2 - Cross Cultural Flashcards
What are the signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Paranoia, Delusions, Lack of Reality
Is Schizophrenia specific to certain cultures or universal?
Specific to certain cultures who have defined what schizophrenia is.
Why is traditional Psychology not necessarily viable in other cultures?
Psychology from individualistic perspectives may not necessarily be best for people from collectivist cultures.
What is the phrase used for how we pass on our culture to others?
Cultural Transmission
We have a biological inheritance mechanism, what other inheritance mechanism do we possess that makes humans unique.
Culture
Which evolution occurs faster, biological or cultural?
Cultural
What type of learning allows human beings learn faster than other animals?
Social Learning
How did Perreault (2012) test whether cultural or biological evolution is faster?
Compared the rates of human technologies to rates of change in animal morphologies (anatomical structures)
What were the findings of Perreault’s 2012 study?
Cultural evolution is faster than biological evolution
Cultural evolution is faster in recent time periods
What is the name of the model for cultural transmission designed by John Berry?
Eco-Cultural Model
Berry’s ‘eco-cultural model’ states that cultural and biological adaptation __________
is a parallel process
What do the duel influences of biology and cultural adaptation work towards according to Berry’s eco-cultural model?
Work towards evolutionary principles of selection
What model is this?
Berry’s Eco-Cultural Model
Individual Biology and Individual Culture are impacted by what two variables according to Berry’s eco-cultural model?
Ecological and Sociopolitical Variables
What is the ‘main argument’ of the eco-cultural model proposed by Berry?
The way that we pass on our culture (cultural transmission) is through a cycle of the interdependence of culture and biology along with sociopolitical variables.
What does Duel Influence mean?
We have biological predispositions to act (instincts) but our expression depends on the presence of circumstantial variables (both naturally present and human-made)
We act to promote or inhibit the culture
What are some circumstantial variables that might influence what kind of culture emerges?
Ecological: e.g. weather, climate, predators, disease, pests, food availability.
Socio-political: Changes in government, war, religious conflict
Individual-psychological: actions, values, personality
What are the 4 vehicles of transmission to behaviour?
Genetics
Socialization: formal instruction via family, media, peers, church
Enculturation: Less formal form of socialization
Acculturation: cultural transmission by contact with other groups (travel, migration, exposure to mass media
What are the limitations to the eco-cultural model?
Does not explain individual differences and why some people are able to adopt cultural norms more willingly than others
What is more significant, individual differences or cultural differences?
Individual Differences
What is the ecological fallacy?
Assumption that findings demonstrated at cultural level of analysis will be replicated within cultural groups.
Why must you be careful of over-generalizing analysis on the cultural level (population level) to what cultural group behaviour will be like?
Findings from human behaviour do not always trickle down from one level of analysis to another.
What did Diener (1995) study?
How did he study it?
The notion of subjective wellbeing.
Looking at the relationship between high average income and subjective wellbeing and happiness across nations.
What were the results of the Diener 1995 study?
High average incomes had higher levels of subjective wellbeing across nations.
However, within nations and cultural group this was not necessarily the case. In rich nations, wealth is a ‘poorer’ predictor of well being.
The results of the Diener 1995 study is an example of what type of fallacy?
Ecological Fallacy
What did Antinofsky show was crucially important for survival for holocaust survivors?
A sense of meaning
Is mental health culturally defined?
Yes
Was is considered ‘abnormal’ is a social construct
(homosexuality was deemed a mental illness until recently)
What was Drapetomania?
What is it an example of?
Mental illness among slaves and it was defined as ‘the uncontrollable urge to escape’
Shows that diagnosis and labelling can be a method of social control.
Schizophrenic hallucinations are typically ____ in nature.
Auditory
Is Schizophrenia culturally generalisable?
Culturally widespread and there is a common core of symptoms.
Not completely generalisable however.
What is the present state examination?
Commonly used to determine psychological states.
It asks questions such as “who is the current prime-minister” “what day is it” “do you know where you are” etc.
What are criticisms of present state examination?
It was developed in the UK and so it can’t take into account local meanings.
There is evidence that clinicians diagnose differently depending on the characteristics of the patient (race, age, sex etc.)
What are culture bound syndromes?
Signs and symptoms that are restricted within cultures.
e.g. Taijin-kyofu-sho (TKS) which occurs only in Japan. Which is only shown in adolescent Japanese males where they have a fear of losing approval due to perceived shortcomings. Symptoms are blushing, awkwardness, body odour.
Psychotherapy is equally effective among most cultures.
True or False?
False
Tends to differ by culture and is primarily limited to western, individualistic cultures.
What are the cultural limitations of psychotherapy?
Focuses on the individual, who is expected to express themselves verbally.
Self-reflection and self-disclosure
Other cultures do not value expressions (thought to exacerbate problem)
People from collectivist cultures might find emphasis on self as unusual and uncomfortable
What are some interpersonal factors that might affect the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
Codes of interpersonal behaviour and communication between client and therapist (e.g. direct eye contact with certain clients)
Cultural perceptions about status and power
Therapist with the role of ‘fixer’; proactive role
Democratic, client-centred expectations.
What material factors might make Western individualistic psychotherapy unreliable?
Access to services
e.g. client-psychotherapist ratio is 1-8million and so individualistic mental health practices can’t work on a big scale.
What are the risks of using metaphors with clients from a different culture?
May not be able to accurately understand the metaphor.
What is cultural adaptation?
Where we modify our psychology to be culturally relevant.
What are some alternative approaches to Western psychology?
Community based treatments
(help educate the communities around the individual and speak to the elders, leaders etc. to help make progress)
