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Social Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

effect of competition on performance; people perform better on familiar tasks in the presence of others

A

Triplett

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2
Q

McDougall and Ross

A

first textbooks

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3
Q

social approval influences behavior

A

Verplank

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4
Q

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

A

Reinforcement Theory

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5
Q

behavior learned through motivation

A

Social Learning Theorists (Bandura)

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6
Q

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill

A

Role Theory (Bindle)

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7
Q

people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes

A

Consistency Theories

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8
Q

Heider’s Balance Theory

A

balance exists when all three (P, O, and X) fit together harmoniously (one or three positives); without balance there will be stress (zero or two positives) and a tendency to remove stress to achieve balance

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9
Q

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in synch with your behavior

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10
Q

Free-choice dissonance

A

a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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11
Q

Post-decision dissonance

A

emerges after choosing

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12
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart

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13
Q

Forced-compliance dissonance

A

forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with beliefs or attitudes

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14
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

dissonance reduced by believing that they actually enjoyed the task

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15
Q

Minimal (insufficient) Justification effect

A

if external justification is minimal, one will reduce their dissonance by changing internal cognitions

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16
Q

Two main principles of Cognitive Dissonance

A

If a person is pressured to say or do something contrary to their attitudes, there will be a tendency to changes attitudes

The greater the pressure to comply, the less the attitude will change

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17
Q

Bem’s Self-Perception Theory

A

When attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself

People infer what their attitudes are based upon observation of their own behavior

A person’s initial attitude is irrelevant and there is no discomfort produced by behavior

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18
Q

Overjustification effect

A

if a person is rewarded for doing something they already like doing, they may stop liking it

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19
Q

Hovland’s Model

A

Communication of persuasion–three components (communicator, communication, and situation)

The more credible the source, the greater the persuasive impact

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20
Q

Hovland and Weiss

A

high credibility sources were more effective

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21
Q

Sleeper effect

A

over time, persuasive impact of high credibility source decreased while the persuasive impact of low credibility source increased

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22
Q

Two-sided messages

A

contain arguments for and against

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23
Q

Sources can increase credibility by arguing _____

A

against their own self-interest

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24
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Two routes to persuasion–central (issue is very important to us) and peripheral (not very important or we cannot clearly hear the message)

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25
Q

strong arguments change minds more often than weak messages

A

Central persuasion

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26
Q

strength of argument doesn’t matter; how, by whom, or in what surroundings are more important

A

Peripheral persuasion

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27
Q

Resistance to Persuasion

A

McGuire–Analogy of Inoculation

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28
Q

Cultural truisms

A

beliefs that are seldom questioned

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29
Q

Refuted counterarguments

A

first presenting arguments against and then refuting the arguments

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30
Q

Belief perseverance

A

people will hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been shown to be false

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31
Q

Reactance

A

when sense of freedom is threatened, a person will act to reassert a sense of freedom

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32
Q

we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people

A

Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory

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33
Q

Need for self-evaluation becomes linked to the ___

A

need to affiliate

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34
Q

greater anxiety lead to a greater desire to affiliate

A

Schachter’s

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35
Q

Reciprocity Hypothesis

A

we tend to like people who indicate that they like us

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36
Q

Gain-loss principle

A

Aronson and Linder; evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant

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37
Q

a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another

A

Social Exchange Theory

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38
Q

we consider not only our costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person

A

Equity Theory

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39
Q

Need complementarity

A

people choose relationships so they mutually satisfy each other’s needs

40
Q

tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

A

Attractiveness stereotype

41
Q

a greater liking is developed for someone that lives close by

A

Spatial proximity

42
Q

mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it

A

Mere exposure hypothesis (Zajonc)

43
Q

Helping behavior

A

behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people

44
Q

Altruism

A

helping behavior that benefits someone else at some cost to themselves

45
Q

Darley and Latane

A

Bystander Intervention; Kew Gardens; Kitty Genovese

46
Q

Social influence

A

presence of others may lead to a different interpretation of events

47
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

the more people present, the less the likelihood that any individual will offer help

48
Q

ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

A

Empathy

49
Q

when faced with situations in which others may need help, people might feel distress and/or they might feel empathy

A

Batson’s empathy-altruism model

50
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

when people are frustrated, they act aggressively

51
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or through reinforcement
Bobo doll experiment
Aggressive behavior is selectively reinforced (act because of some reward)

52
Q

Sherif’s Conformity Study

A

Autokinetic effect
Norm formation
Individuals conformed to the group

53
Q

if you stare a point of light in an otherwise dark room, the light will appear to move

A

Autokinetic effect

54
Q

Asch’s Conformity Study

A

Length of line study; no pressure to conform yet most did

55
Q

Conformity

A

yielding to group pressure

56
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Experiment

A

Confederate “received” shocks of increasing voltage for incorrect answers
Obedience to authority measured by the maximum shock a subject would administer
Two-thirds of the subjects were completely obedient
Tension (distress) due to a conflict between deeply ingrained tenets not to hurt others and the equally compelling tendency to obey authority
Drive to obey was stronger than the drive not to hurt

57
Q

Compliance

A

change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure

58
Q

Foot-in-the-door effect

A

Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request

59
Q

Door-in-the-face effect

A

People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later, smaller request

60
Q

Clark and Clark Doll Preference study

A 
Majority of children (regardless of race) preferred the white doll
Negative effects of racism and minority group status on self-concept
Subsequent research (since the 60s) has shown that black children hold positive views of their own ethnicity
61
Q

Salience

A

that which holds the most importance for us in each particular situation

62
Q

The more salient the identity, the _____ to the role expectations of the identities

A

more we conform

63
Q

Self-efficacy

A

individual’s belief in their ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior

64
Q

Those with ____ exert more effort on challenging tasks

A

strong self-efficacy

65
Q

Self-efficacy based on…

A

performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological and emotional states

66
Q

ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people

A

Social perception

67
Q

first impressions are more important

A

Primacy effect

68
Q

Recency effect

A

most recent information we have about an individual is most important

69
Q

Attribution theory

A

Tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

70
Q

Dispositional causes

A

relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered
Beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

71
Q

Situational causes

A

external and relate to features of the surroundings

Threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure

72
Q

when inferring the causes of others’ behaviors, there is a general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions

A

Fundamental attribution error

73
Q

Halo Effect

A

tendency to allow a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person

74
Q

Belief in a just world

A

Lerner; good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people

75
Q

Group norms

A

expectations of behavior in given situations

76
Q

over time, students increasingly accepted the norms of their community

A

Newcomb’s study

77
Q

Hall and Proxemics

A

Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from the people we’re speaking to

78
Q

study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

A

Proxemics

79
Q

presence of others increases arousal and consequently enhances the emission of dominant responses

A

Zajonc’s theory

80
Q

Social Loafing

A

tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually

81
Q

Anonymity (Zimbardo’s prison simulation)

A

people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment

82
Q

Deindividualization

A

loss of self-awareness and of personal identity

83
Q

Janis

A

Group decision making

84
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

85
Q

Risky shift

A

group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices

86
Q

Value hypothesis

A

risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued

87
Q

shift with group decisions toward caution; nature of the dilemma may determine the direction of the shift

A

Stoner

88
Q

tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

A

Group polarization

89
Q

Autocratic leadership style lead to:

A

more hostility, more aggressiveness, and more dependence on the leader; quantity of work was greatest; Lewin

90
Q

Democratic leadership style lead to:

A

more satisfaction and more cohesion; motivation and interest were strongest; Lewin

91
Q

Laissez-faire leadership style lead to:

A

less efficiency, less organization, and less satisfaction; Lewin

92
Q

Cooperation

A

person’s acting together for their mutual benefit

93
Q

Competition

A

a person acts for their individual benefit

94
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

Betray or remain silent
Loss the most if they choose to cooperate and the other competes
Gain the most if they compte and the other cooperates
Lose the most if they both compete

95
Q

Robber’s Cave experiment (Sherif)

A

Boys camp; group cohesion; outsider aggression; common goals brought them together, improved intergroup relations

96
Q

Superordinate goals

A

best obtained through intergroup cooperation

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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