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GRE Psych > Learning and Ethology > Flashcards

Learning and Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

goal of behavior is to reduce biological drive

A

Hull’s theory of motivation (drive-reduction theory)

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2
Q

Lorenz

A

understanding of animal behavior could be gained only out in the field

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3
Q

learning connections between different events

A

Classical conditioning (respondent conditioning)

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4
Q

stimuli that previously had no relation to a specific reflex could come to trigger that reflex

A

Pavlov

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5
Q

Reflex

A

unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

period during which an organism is learning the association of the stimuli

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7
Q

stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

A

Generalization

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8
Q

stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

response reflexively elicited by and unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

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10
Q

stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a non-reflexive response

A

Conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response

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12
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

after extinction and a period of rest, presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will again elicit a weak conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

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14
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus rather than an unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

two neutral stimuli are paired together and then one of the neutral stimuli is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

if the conditioned stimulus is a good signal and it has informational value, or is a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus will become associated

A

Contingency explanation of classical conditioning (Rescorla)

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17
Q

conditioned stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus and provides nonredundant information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Blocking

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18
Q

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

A

learning the relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future; Thorndike

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20
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by giving the organism something it wants whenever it makes the desired response; Skinner

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21
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by taking away or preventing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made; Skinner

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22
Q

behavior removes something undesirable

A

Escape

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23
Q

organism gets a warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, and the appropriate response completely avoids the aversive stimulus

A

Avoidance

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24
Q

Punishment

A

probability that a response will be made is decreased by giving the organism something undesirable whenever the response is made; Skinner

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25
Q

Extinction (operant conditioning)

A

behavior that used to bring reward no longer does so

26
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences

27
Q

it takes longer to extinguish a response while receiving only occasional reinforcement

A

Partial reinforcement effect

28
Q

organism receives reinforcement only after a fixed number of responses

A

Fixed-ratio reinforcement

29
Q

receives reinforcement after a varying number of responses

A

Variable ratio reinforcement

30
Q

reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

A

Fixed-interval reinforcement

31
Q

reinforced for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

A

Variable interval reinforcement

32
Q

reinforced for every response

A

Continuous reinforcement schedule

33
Q

reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior

A

Shaping

34
Q

reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others

A

Differential reinforcement

35
Q

Flooding

A

forcing the client to directly experience the feared object

36
Q

Implosion

A

forcing the client to imagine the feared object

37
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

forcing the client to imagine the feared object while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using deep relaxation and an anxiety hierarchy; Wolpe

38
Q

Counter-conditioning

A

client cannot experience contradictory emotions simultaneously

39
Q

Conditioned aversion

A

pairing a desired conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus

40
Q

negotiated agreement between two parties that explicitly states the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

A

Behavioral contract

41
Q

removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before they can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior

A

Time-out procedure

42
Q

given for desirable behaviors and are taken away for various undesirable behaviors

A

Token economies

43
Q

a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

A

Premack principle

44
Q

Insight

A

perception of the inner relationship between factors that are essential to solving a problem; Kohler

45
Q

Cognitive map

A

mental representation of a physical space; Tolman

46
Q

Biological constraints

A

different species have different inborn predispositions to learn different things in different ways

47
Q

Problem solving-Thorndike

A

due to trial and error learning

48
Q

animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

A

Preparedness (Garcia)

49
Q

instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning

A

Instinctual drift

50
Q

study of animal behavior under natural conditions

A

Ethology

51
Q

Fixed-action pattern (FAP)

A

a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal

52
Q

Sign stimuli

A

features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP

53
Q

sign stimuli that triggers social behaviors between animals

A

Releaser

54
Q

Supernormal stimulus

A

stimulus that is more effective at triggering the FAP than the actual stimulus found in nature

55
Q

Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

mechanism in the nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs

56
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely isolated species

57
Q

Reproductive fitness

A

number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

58
Q

Theory of kin selection

A

animals act to increase their inclusive fitness rather than their reproductive fitness

59
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

takes into account not only the number of offspring who survive to reproductive age, but also the number of other relatives who survive to reproductive age

60
Q

behavior due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and the environment

A

Sociobiology (Wilson)

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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