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GRE Psych > Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and Measurements > Flashcards

Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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2
Q

characteristic or property that varies in amount or kind, and can be measured

A

Variable

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3
Q

state how the researcher will measure the variables

A

Operational definitions

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

variable whose effect is being studied and the variable that the experimenter manipulates

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

the response that is expected to vary with differences in the independent variable

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6
Q

Correlational study

A

IV is not manipulated

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

researcher does not intervene; measures behavior as it naturally occurs

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8
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

IV manipulated but subjects not randomly assigned to groups

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9
Q

True experiment

A

IV manipulated and subjects randomly assigned to groups

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10
Q

the group to which the researcher wishes to generalize their results

A

Population

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11
Q

subset of the population

A

Sample

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12
Q

Random selection

A

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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13
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

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14
Q

Representative sample

A

the sample matches as many characteristics as possible of the population as a whole

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15
Q

each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable

A

Between-sample design

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16
Q

match subjects on the basis of the variable that they want to control

A

Matched-subjects design

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17
Q

using the same subjects in both groups

A

Within-subjects (repeated-measures) design

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18
Q

all subjects will experience both levels, just in different orders

A

Counterbalancing

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19
Q

Confounding variables

A

unintended independent variables that could differently affect the dependent variable

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20
Q

treating both groups equally in all respects except for one variable

A

Control group design

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21
Q

control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group since the researcher doesn’t use random assignment

A

Nonequivalent-group design

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22
Q

due to their expectations, the experimenter might inadvertently treat groups of subjects differently

A

Experimenter bias

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23
Q

neither the researcher who interacts with the subjects nor the subjects themselves know which groups received the IV or which level of the IV

A

Double-blinding

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24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

any cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them

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25
Hawthorne effect
tendency of people to behave differently if they know that they are being observed
26
External validity
how generalizable the results are
27
Descriptive Statistics
Organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing a collection of actual observations
28
Frequency Distributions
Graphic representation of how often each value occurs
29
value of the most frequent observation in a set of scores
Mode
30
two values are tied for being the most frequently occurring observation
Bimodal
31
middle value when observations are ordered from least to greatest, or from greatest to least
Median
32
arithmetic average
Mean
33
Outliers
extreme scores; mean is most sensitive
34
Range
smallest number in the distribution subtracted from the largest number
35
Standard deviation
typical distance of scores from the mean
36
Variance
square of the SD and is a description of how much each score varies from the mean
37
tells us the percentage of scores that fall at or below that particular score
Percentile
38
indicates the number of standard deviations a score is away from the mean
z-Score
39
Normal distribution
about 68 percent of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean; about 96 percent of scores fall within 2 SD of the mean
40
t-Scores
distribution has a mean of 50 and a SD of 10
41
Correlation Coefficients
Measure to what extent, if any, two variables are related
42
change in value of one variable tends to be associated with a change in the same direction of the value of the other variable
Positive correlation
43
a change in value of one variable tends to be associated with a change in the opposite direction of the other variable
Negative correlation
44
graphical representation of correlational data
Scatterplot
45
attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables “hang together”
Factor analysis
46
Inferential Statistics
Use a relatively small batch of actual observations to make conclusions about the entire population of interest
47
Draw conclusions about population based upon research conducted on samples
Significance Testing
48
mistakenly reject the null hypothesis
Type I error
49
accept the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false
Type II error
50
Beta
probability of making a Type II error
51
t-Tests
used to compare the means of two groups
52
ANOVA
estimate how much group means differ from each other by comparing the between-groups variance to the within-group variance using a ratio (F ratio)
53
Factorial design
each level of a given IV occurs with each level of the other IV
54
Interaction
when the effects of one IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IV
55
Chi-square test
used when individual observations are names or categories
56
Meta-Analysis
Used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies
57
assessing an individual's performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others
Norm-referenced testing
58
concerned with the question of what the test taker knows about a specified content domain
Domain-referenced (criterion-referenced) testing
59
Consistency with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures
Reliability
60
Test-retest method
same test is administered to the same group of people twice
61
Alternate-form method
examinees are given two different forms of a test that are taken at two different times
62
Split-half reliability
test takers take only one test that is divided into equal halves
63
Extent to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure
Validity
64
test’s coverage of the particular skill or knowledge area that it is supposed to measure
Content validity
65
whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure
Face validity
66
how well the test can predict an individual’s performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area
Criterion validity
67
when a test is used to predict future performance
Predictive validity
68
when a test is given at the same time as the criterion measure
Concurrent validity
69
testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample, after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample
Cross validation
70
how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what it is you want the test to measure
Construct validity
71
performance on the test is not correlated with other variables that the theory predicts that test performance should not be related to
Discriminant validity
72
Nominal (categorical) scale
labels observations so that observations can be categorized
73
Ordinal scale
observations are ranked in terms of size or magnitude
74
Interval scale
actual numbers
75
Ratio scale
there is a true zero point that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured
76
Aptitude tests
used to predict what one can accomplish through training; predict future performance
77
Achievement tests
attempt to assess what one knows or can do now
78
Adaptive test
computerized achievement test that adapts to the test taker’s ability by assessing the accuracy of previously answered questions
79
how far away a person’s score is from the average score for the particular age group the subject is a member of
Deviation IQ
80
self-rating device usually consisting of somewhere between 100-500 statements where there is a limited number of ways to respond; MMPI
Personality inventory
81
test taker is presented with stimuli and asked to interpret what they see; Rorschach, TAT
Projective tests
82
Barnum effect
tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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