Personality and Abnormal Psych Flashcards
Sheldon
personality defined physical/biological variables
Endomorphy
soft and spherical
Mesomorphy
hard, muscular, and rectangular
Ectomorphy
thin, fragile, and lightly muscled
Titchener’s method of introspection
structuralism
notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses or instincts
Humanism (Maslow and Rogers)
reform to asylums
Pinel
Kraepelin
scheme of classifying disorders; precursor to DSM
disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis, and death; caused by syphilis
General paresis
Cerletti and Bini
use of electroshock for the artificial production of convulsive seizures
Prefrontal lobotomies
frontal lobes of the brain were severed from the brain tissue
existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory–
Id
reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that is present at birth
Pleasure principle
immediate discharge of energy buildup
Primary process
id’s response to frustration; obtain satisfaction now, not later
Wish fulfillment
mental image of the object
organization of the id; secondary process
Ego
takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id; aim is to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object has been discovered or produced
Reality principle
Superego
moral branch of personality, striving for perfection
Conscience
provides rules and norms about what constitutes bad behavior
Ego-ideal
provides rules for good, appropriate behavior
Instinct
innate psychological representation of a bodily excitation
Eros (life instincts)
purpose of survival
Thanatos (death instincts)
unconscious wish for the ultimate, absolute state of quiescence
Defense mechanisms
ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety
Two common characteristics defense mechanisms
deny, falsify, or distort reality; Operate unconsciously
unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories
Repression
more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
Suppression
person attributes his forbidden urges to others
Projection
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
Reaction formation
process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts
Rationalization
reverting to an earlier stage of development
Regression
transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Sublimation
pent-up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings
Displacement
Collective unconscious
shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors
Archetypes
thought or image that has an emotional element
mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention
Persona
help to understand gender
Anima (feminine)/Animus (masculine)
animal instincts that humans inherited; responsible for unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions
Shadow
striving for unity; point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious
Self
Extroversion
orientation toward the external, objective world
Introversion
orientation toward the inner, subjective world
Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effect on unconscious factors
Adler
Inferiority complex
individual’s sense of incompleteness and sense of imperfection, both physically and socially
Creative self
each individual shapes their uniqueness and makes their own personality
Style of life
person’s unique way of achieving superiority
Fictional finalism
individual is motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences
neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs; directed toward making life and interactions bearable
Horney
Anna Freud
founder of ego-psychology
Object relations theory
symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality (Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, and Kernberg)
Psychoanalysis
intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development
Free association
client says whatever comes to their conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or seemingly irrelevant it may appear to be
Resistance
unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences
Transference
attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient’s relations with significant others in the past
Countertransference
full array of emotions experienced by the therapist toward the patient
more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations
neo-Freudian approach
Learned as people interact with their environment
Behaviorism
conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality
Dollard and Miller
personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
Skinner
Seligman
learned helplessness
Symptom substitution
new symptoms will develop to replace the old ones
Phenomenological
internal processes rather than overt behavior
personality is dynamic and constantly changing
Lewin’s Field theory
needs were organized hierarchically, ascending from basic needs to complex psychological needs
Maslow
Self-actualization
need to realize one’s fullest potential
Peak experiences
profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects
individual as scientist; person devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in their life
Kelly
emphasize the process of finding meaning in one’s life
Humanistic-existential therapies
client-centered therapy (person-centered, nondirective)–freedom to control their own behavior
Rogers
human search for meaning to existence
Frankl
Type theorist
characterize people according to specific types of personality
Trait theorist
ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality
behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive
Type A
laid-back and relaxed
Type B
factor analysis; attempting to account for the underlying factors that determine personality; sixteen basic traits
Cattell
broad dimensions of personality were types followed by more specific traits; psychoticism
Eysenck
Cardinal traits
traits around which a person organizes their life (Allport)
Central traits
major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer
Secondary traits
personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
Functional autonomy
a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence
Idiographic
focuses on individual case studies
Nomothetic
focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals
McClelland
need for achievement
Field independence
capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (Witkin)
Field dependence
more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (Witkin)
Internal locus of control
belief that one can control their own destiny (Rotter)
External locus of control
outside events and chance control destiny (Rotter)
Machiavellian
someone who is manipulative and deceitful
Androgyny
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine (Bem)
Mischel
human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person
characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity
AD/HD
neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social skills and communication skills as well as by repetitive behaviors
Autism spectrum
Tourette’s disorders
characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics
Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)
”split mind”; characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought; Bleuler
Positive symptoms
behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior
Negative symptoms
absence of normal or desired behavior
Delusions
false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
Delusion of reference
belief that others are talking about them; common elements in the environment are directed at them
Delusions of persecution
deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
Delusions of grandeur
they are a remarkable person
Thought broadcasting
belief that thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
Thought insertion
belief that thoughts are inserted into one’s head
Hallucinations
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
Disorganized thought
loosening of associations
Blunting
severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
Flat affect
virtually no signs of affect expression
affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech or ideation
Inappropriate affect
spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced or maintaining a rigid posture, refusing to be moved
Catatonic motor behavior
Prodromal phase
clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences
symptomatic behavior
Active phase
development is slow and insidious
Process schizophrenia
symptoms are intense and sudden
Reactive schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain or an oversensitivity to dopamine or too many receptors
Dopamine hypothesis
Double-bind hypothesis
as a child, the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from their primary caregiver
at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities
Major depressive disorder
major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania
Bipolar disorder (manic-depression)
Manic episodes
abnormal and persistent elevated mood; bipolar I
Hypomania
does not significantly impair functioning; bipolar II
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and cyclothymic disorder
less severe symptoms
too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, while too little leads to depression
Catecholamine theory of depression
depressed mood, anger, and physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even in minor provocations
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
Phobia
irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
Specific phobias
anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation
Social anxiety disorder
anxiety that is due to social situations
Panic disorder
periods of intense fear or foreboding accompanied by a physiological fight-or-flight response
Generalized anxiety disorder
low-key sense of constant anxiety
repeated obsessions that produce tension and/or compulsions that cause significant impairment in a person’s life
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
developed as a reaction to a traumatic event
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Somatoform disorders
presence of physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
Conversion disorder (hysteria)
preoccupied with fears that they have a serious disease
Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)
Dissociative disorders
avoidance of stress by dissociating, or escaping from their identity
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences
Dissociative fugue
amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities
Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
person feels detached, like an outside observer of their mental processes and/or behavior
Depersonalization disorder
refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight
Anorexia nervosa
binge-eating accompanied by excessive attempts to compensate for it by purging, fasting, or excessive exercising
Bulimia nervosa
Personality disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impaired functioning
Schizoid personality disorder
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, an exhibitonistic need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships
Narcissistic personality disorder
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image
Borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathic or sociopathic disorder)
pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Diathesis
predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder
Excessive stress operating on a person with a predisposition may lead to the development of the specific mental disorder
Diathesis-Stress Model
Primary Prevention
Efforts to seek and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness and to establish the conditions that foster mental health
possible to be judged sane if you are in an “insane place”
Rosenhan
labeling people as mentally ill is a way to force them to change and conform to societal norms rather than allowing them to attack the social causes of their problems; The Myth of Mental Illness
Szasz
