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GRE Psych > Personality and Abnormal Psych > Flashcards

Personality and Abnormal Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Sheldon

A

personality defined physical/biological variables

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2
Q

Endomorphy

A

soft and spherical

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3
Q

Mesomorphy

A

hard, muscular, and rectangular

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4
Q

Ectomorphy

A

thin, fragile, and lightly muscled

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5
Q

Titchener’s method of introspection

A

structuralism

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6
Q

notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses or instincts

A

Humanism (Maslow and Rogers)

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7
Q

reform to asylums

A

Pinel

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8
Q

Kraepelin

A

scheme of classifying disorders; precursor to DSM

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9
Q

disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis, and death; caused by syphilis

A

General paresis

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10
Q

Cerletti and Bini

A

use of electroshock for the artificial production of convulsive seizures

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11
Q

Prefrontal lobotomies

A

frontal lobes of the brain were severed from the brain tissue

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12
Q

existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

A

Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory–

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13
Q

Id

A

reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that is present at birth

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14
Q

Pleasure principle

A

immediate discharge of energy buildup

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15
Q

Primary process

A

id’s response to frustration; obtain satisfaction now, not later

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16
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

mental image of the object

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17
Q

organization of the id; secondary process

A

Ego

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18
Q

takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id; aim is to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object has been discovered or produced

A

Reality principle

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19
Q

Superego

A

moral branch of personality, striving for perfection

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20
Q

Conscience

A

provides rules and norms about what constitutes bad behavior

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21
Q

Ego-ideal

A

provides rules for good, appropriate behavior

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22
Q

Instinct

A

innate psychological representation of a bodily excitation

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23
Q

Eros (life instincts)

A

purpose of survival

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24
Q

Thanatos (death instincts)

A

unconscious wish for the ultimate, absolute state of quiescence

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25
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety

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26
Q

Two common characteristics defense mechanisms

A

deny, falsify, or distort reality; Operate unconsciously

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27
Q

unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories

A

Repression

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28
Q

more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

A

Suppression

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29
Q

person attributes his forbidden urges to others

A

Projection

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30
Q

repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite

A

Reaction formation

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31
Q

process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts

A

Rationalization

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32
Q

reverting to an earlier stage of development

A

Regression

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33
Q

transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

A

Sublimation

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34
Q

pent-up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings

A

Displacement

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35
Q

Collective unconscious

A

shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors

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36
Q

Archetypes

A

thought or image that has an emotional element

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37
Q

mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention

A

Persona

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38
Q

help to understand gender

A

Anima (feminine)/Animus (masculine)

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39
Q

animal instincts that humans inherited; responsible for unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

Shadow

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40
Q

striving for unity; point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious

A

Self

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41
Q

Extroversion

A

orientation toward the external, objective world

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42
Q

Introversion

A

orientation toward the inner, subjective world

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43
Q

Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effect on unconscious factors

A

Adler

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44
Q

Inferiority complex

A

individual’s sense of incompleteness and sense of imperfection, both physically and socially

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45
Q

Creative self

A

each individual shapes their uniqueness and makes their own personality

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46
Q

Style of life

A

person’s unique way of achieving superiority

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47
Q

Fictional finalism

A

individual is motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences

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48
Q

neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs; directed toward making life and interactions bearable

A

Horney

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49
Q

Anna Freud

A

founder of ego-psychology

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50
Q

Object relations theory

A

symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality (Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, and Kernberg)

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51
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development

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52
Q

Free association

A

client says whatever comes to their conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or seemingly irrelevant it may appear to be

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53
Q

Resistance

A

unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences

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54
Q

Transference

A

attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient’s relations with significant others in the past

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55
Q

Countertransference

A

full array of emotions experienced by the therapist toward the patient

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56
Q

more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations

A

neo-Freudian approach

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57
Q

Learned as people interact with their environment

A

Behaviorism

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58
Q

conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality

A

Dollard and Miller

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59
Q

personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist

A

Skinner

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60
Q

Seligman

A

learned helplessness

61
Q

Symptom substitution

A

new symptoms will develop to replace the old ones

62
Q

Phenomenological

A

internal processes rather than overt behavior

63
Q

personality is dynamic and constantly changing

A

Lewin’s Field theory

64
Q

needs were organized hierarchically, ascending from basic needs to complex psychological needs

A

Maslow

65
Q

Self-actualization

A

need to realize one’s fullest potential

66
Q

Peak experiences

A

profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects

67
Q

individual as scientist; person devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in their life

A

Kelly

68
Q

emphasize the process of finding meaning in one’s life

A

Humanistic-existential therapies

69
Q

client-centered therapy (person-centered, nondirective)–freedom to control their own behavior

A

Rogers

70
Q

human search for meaning to existence

A

Frankl

71
Q

Type theorist

A

characterize people according to specific types of personality

72
Q

Trait theorist

A

ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality

73
Q

behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive

A

Type A

74
Q

laid-back and relaxed

A

Type B

75
Q

factor analysis; attempting to account for the underlying factors that determine personality; sixteen basic traits

A

Cattell

76
Q

broad dimensions of personality were types followed by more specific traits; psychoticism

A

Eysenck

77
Q

Cardinal traits

A

traits around which a person organizes their life (Allport)

78
Q

Central traits

A

major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer

79
Q

Secondary traits

A

personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence

80
Q

Functional autonomy

A

a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence

81
Q

Idiographic

A

focuses on individual case studies

82
Q

Nomothetic

A

focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals

83
Q

McClelland

A

need for achievement

84
Q

Field independence

A

capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (Witkin)

85
Q

Field dependence

A

more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (Witkin)

86
Q

Internal locus of control

A

belief that one can control their own destiny (Rotter)

87
Q

External locus of control

A

outside events and chance control destiny (Rotter)

88
Q

Machiavellian

A

someone who is manipulative and deceitful

89
Q

Androgyny

A

state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine (Bem)

90
Q

Mischel

A

human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person

91
Q

characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity

A

AD/HD

92
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social skills and communication skills as well as by repetitive behaviors

A

Autism spectrum

93
Q

Tourette’s disorders

A

characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics

94
Q

Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)

A

”split mind”; characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought; Bleuler

95
Q

Positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior

96
Q

Negative symptoms

A

absence of normal or desired behavior

97
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

98
Q

Delusion of reference

A

belief that others are talking about them; common elements in the environment are directed at them

99
Q

Delusions of persecution

A

deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

100
Q

Delusions of grandeur

A

they are a remarkable person

101
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

belief that thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

102
Q

Thought insertion

A

belief that thoughts are inserted into one’s head

103
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality

104
Q

Disorganized thought

A

loosening of associations

105
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

106
Q

Flat affect

A

virtually no signs of affect expression

107
Q

affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech or ideation

A

Inappropriate affect

108
Q

spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced or maintaining a rigid posture, refusing to be moved

A

Catatonic motor behavior

109
Q

Prodromal phase

A

clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences

110
Q

symptomatic behavior

A

Active phase

111
Q

development is slow and insidious

A

Process schizophrenia

112
Q

symptoms are intense and sudden

A

Reactive schizophrenia

113
Q

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain or an oversensitivity to dopamine or too many receptors

A

Dopamine hypothesis

114
Q

Double-bind hypothesis

A

as a child, the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from their primary caregiver

115
Q

at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities

A

Major depressive disorder

116
Q

major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania

A

Bipolar disorder (manic-depression)

117
Q

Manic episodes

A

abnormal and persistent elevated mood; bipolar I

118
Q

Hypomania

A

does not significantly impair functioning; bipolar II

119
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and cyclothymic disorder

A

less severe symptoms

120
Q

too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

A

Catecholamine theory of depression

121
Q

depressed mood, anger, and physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

122
Q

negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even in minor provocations

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

123
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

124
Q

Specific phobias

A

anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation

125
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety that is due to social situations

126
Q

Panic disorder

A

periods of intense fear or foreboding accompanied by a physiological fight-or-flight response

127
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

low-key sense of constant anxiety

128
Q

repeated obsessions that produce tension and/or compulsions that cause significant impairment in a person’s life

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

129
Q

developed as a reaction to a traumatic event

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

130
Q

Somatoform disorders

A

presence of physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition

131
Q

unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions

A

Conversion disorder (hysteria)

132
Q

preoccupied with fears that they have a serious disease

A

Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

133
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

avoidance of stress by dissociating, or escaping from their identity

134
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences

135
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

136
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

A

two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior

137
Q

person feels detached, like an outside observer of their mental processes and/or behavior

A

Depersonalization disorder

138
Q

refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight

A

Anorexia nervosa

139
Q

binge-eating accompanied by excessive attempts to compensate for it by purging, fasting, or excessive exercising

A

Bulimia nervosa

140
Q

Personality disorder

A

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impaired functioning

141
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

142
Q

grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, an exhibitonistic need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

143
Q

pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image

A

Borderline personality disorder

144
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathic or sociopathic disorder)

A

pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

145
Q

Diathesis

A

predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder

146
Q

Excessive stress operating on a person with a predisposition may lead to the development of the specific mental disorder

A

Diathesis-Stress Model

147
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Efforts to seek and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness and to establish the conditions that foster mental health

148
Q

possible to be judged sane if you are in an “insane place”

A

Rosenhan

149
Q

labeling people as mentally ill is a way to force them to change and conform to societal norms rather than allowing them to attack the social causes of their problems; The Myth of Mental Illness

A

Szasz

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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