Cram Session Flashcards
unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories
repression
deliberate, conscious form of fogetting
suppression
person attributes their forbidden urges to others
projection
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
reaction formation
process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts
rationalization
reverting to an earlier stage of development
regression
transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
sublimation
pent-up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings
displacement
proposed gain-loss principle
Aronson and Lindor
studied conformity with lengths of lines
Asch
developed social learning theory
Bandura
developed self-perception theory; androgyny
Bem
doll preferences
Clark and Clark
two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibilities
Darley and Latane
suggested gender differences in conformity where not due to gender but to differing social roles
Eagly
developed cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory
Festinger
balance theory; attribution theory, and dispositional and situation attributions
Heider
studied attitude change
Hovland
groupthink
Janis
belief in a just world
Lerner
three categories of leadership: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
Lewin
studied psychological inoculation to resist persuastion
McGuire
studied obedience
MIlgram
studied political norms
Newcomb
developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
Petty and Cacioppo
relationship between anxiety and the need of affiliation
Schachter
autokinetic effect and Robber’s Cave experiement
Sherif
mere exposure effect and social facilitation effect
Zajonc
prison simulation
Zimbardo
strange situation
Ainsworth
relationship between parental style and discipline
Baumrind
attachment in human children
Bowlby
children have an innate capacity for language acquistion; surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; transformational rules
Chomsky
eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
Erikson
five stages of psychosexual development
Freud, S
development due primarily to maturation
Gesell
males and females have different orientations toward morality
Gilligan
founder of developmental psychology
Hall
contact comfort in bond formation
Harlow
longitudinal study to examine developmental trajectories of children’s temperment
Kagan
moral development using moral dilemmas
Kohlberg
tabulas rasa
Locke
imprinting in birds
Lorenz
four stages of cognitive development
Piaget
development could unfold without help from society
Rousseau
longitudinal study of gifted children
Terman
genetic basis of maze-running rats
Tryon
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
Structuralism
stream of consciousness; studies how mind functions to help people adapt to environment; attacked structuralism
Functionalism
psychology as objective study of behavior; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection
Behaviorism
whole is something other than the sum of its parts
Gestalt
behaviorism is not adequate explanation of human behavior; humans think, believe, are creative
Cognitivism
behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms
Psychoanalysis
looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted ones
Humanism
human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems
Systems psychology
psychodynamic theorist; inferiority complex
Adler
trait theorist; functional autonomy; idiographic vs. nomothetic
Allport
trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality; fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
Cattell
psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; approach-avoidance conflicts
Dollard and Miller
trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
Eysenck
psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from
Horney
psychodyanmic theorist; personal unconscious vs. collective unconscious; archetypes
Jung
individual as a scientist
Kelly
phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
Lewin
phenomenological personality theorist know for hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
Maslow
need for achievement
McClelland
critic of trait theories
Mischel
studied locus of control
Rotter
attempted to relate body type (somatotype) to personality type
Sheldon
field dependence using rod-and-frame test
Witkin
cognitive behavior therapist known for theory for depression
Beck
rational-emotive therapy
Ellis
developed system to classify mental disorders
Kraepelin
client-centered therapy; unconditional positive regard
Rogers
complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
cerebral cortex
movement
basil ganglia
emotion and memory
limbic system
sensory relay station
thalamus
hunger and thirst, emotion
hypothalamus
sensorimotor reflexes
inferior and superior colliculi
refined motor movements
cerbellum
vital functioning
medulla oblongata
arousal, alertness, and attention
reticular formation
hunger center; lesions lead to aphagia (lacking hunger)
lateral hypothalamus
satiety center; lesions lead to hyperphagia (very hungry)
ventromedial hypothalamus
sexual activity; lesions lead to inhibition of sexual arousal
anterior hypothalamus
pleasure center identified by Olds and Millner; inhibits aggression
septal nuclei
defensive and aggressive behavior; studied by Kluver and Bucy
Amygdala
memory
Hippocampus
letters, word; language related sounds, speech, writing, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement
dominant hemisphere
faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction
nondominant hemisphere
voluntary muscle control; Alzheimer’s disease
Acetylcholine
fight or flight responses
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
wakefulness and alertness; depression and mania
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
smooth movements and steady posture; schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine
mood, sleep, eating, dreaming; depression and mania
Serotonin
brain “stabilizer”; anxiety disordes
GABA
natural pain killer
Endorphin
Benzodiazepines
reduces anxiety
barbiturates
sedatives
amphetamines
narcolepsy
tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
depression
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
ADHD
chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
schizophrenia
Haloperidol (Haldol)
schizophrenia
Lithium
Bipolar
identified parts of the brain associated with producing language
Broca
studied flight or flight; investigated homeostatis
Cannon
demonstrated simple learning behavior is sea snails
Kandel
studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
Luria
used electrodes and electrical stimulation to map the brain
Penfield
identified part of the brain associated with understanding spoken language
Wernicke
caused by the regeneration of rhodopsin
dark adaptation
three types of color receptors
Young and Helmholtz (trichromatic)
three opposing pairs
Hering (opponent process)
traveling wave theory of pitch
Bekesy
developed a list of depth cues
Berkeley
proposed filter theory of attention
Broadbent
developed the visual cliff
Gibson, E. and Walk
texture gradiants
Gibson, J.
developed place-resonance theory of pitch
Helmholtz
feature detection in visual cortex
Hubel and Wiesel
theory of isomorphism; insight in problem solving
Kohler
gate theory of pain
Melzack and Wall
refined ROC curve in signal detection
Swets
proposed volley theory of pitch
Wever and Bray
size constancy depends on apparent distance
Emmert’s law
instinctual drift
Breland and Breland
studied taste-aversion learning
Garcia
developed principles of operant conditioning
Skinner
proposed law of effect; puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats; trial and error learning
Thorndike
introduced experimental methods into field situations
Tinbergen
studied communication in honeybees
von Frisch
developed systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias
Wolp
behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses (piecework)
Fixed-ratio
behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses (slot machines)
Variable-ratio
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement (going to the office to pick up bimonthly paycheck)
Fixed-interval
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement (parent responding to crying child [from child’s perspective])
Variable-interval
investigated the role of schemata in memory; memory is largely reconstructive
Bartlett
spreading activation model of semantic memory
Collins and Loftus
levels-of-processing theory of memory
Craik and Lockhart
studied memory using nonsense words and the method of savings; developed the forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus
theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner
devised divergent thinking to test creativity
Guilford
investigated heuristics in decision making
Kahneman and Tversky
studied eyewitness testimony
Loftus
water-jar problem to study effects of mental sets
Luchins
found support for gender differences in verbal abilities
Maccoby and Jacklin
parallel distributed processing theory
McClelland and Rumelhart
found capacity for short-term memory is seven (plus or minus two)
Miller
dual-code hypothesis
Paivio
semantic feature-comparison model
Smith, Shoben, and Rips
individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor and a specific factor
Spearman
studied capacity of sensory memory using partial-report method
Sperling
proposed triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual
Sternberg
used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities
Thurstone
hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived
Whorf
does the test measure various facets of the subject?
Content validity
does the test look like it measures knowledge of the subject?
Face validity
does a written driving test indicate performance on the subsequent road test?
Criterion and Concurrent validity
does test performance predict future success as a history major?
Predictive validity
is test performance correlated with performance on a test measuring a theoretically related variable?
Construct and Convergent validity
is test performance not correlated with performance on a test measuring a theoretically related variable?
Discriminate validity
names (political affiliation)
Nominal/categorical
ranks (order of finish in horse race)
Ordinal
equal intervals (temperature); addition/subtraction
Interval
equal intervals + true zero point (income); add/subtract/multiply/divide
Ratio
introduced the concept of mental age
Binet and Simon
developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes
Holland
suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ
Jensen
developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); projective test designed to measure personality
Morgan and Murray
developed sentence completion test; projective test to measure personality
Rotter
developed the concept of ratio IQ
Stern
revised Binet-Simon IQ test
Terman
awareness of emotion reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard
people become aware of their emotions after they notice their physiological reactions to some external event
James-Lang
subjective experience of emotion is based on the interaction between changes in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal
Schachter and Singer (two-factor theory)
executive functioning
frontal lobe
hearing
temporal lobe
touch, temperature, and pain
parietal lobe
vision
occipital lobe
latent learning (knowledge only becomes clear when given an incentive to show it)
Tolman
