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GRE Psych > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

first researcher interested in individual differences

A

Galton

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2
Q

founder of Gestalt psychology

A

Wertheimer

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3
Q

Measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to the stimuli

A

Psychophysics

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4
Q

Absolute Thresholds

A

Minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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5
Q

perception of a stimuli below a threshold that occurs without conscious awareness

A

Subliminal perception

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6
Q

How different two stimuli (in magnitude) must be before they are perceived to be different

A

Difference Thresholds

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7
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

amount of change necessary to predict the difference between two stimuli

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a JND divided by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is a constant; ratio is more important than absolute difference

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9
Q

Fechner’s law

A

sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases

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10
Q

Steven’s power law

A

criticism of Fechner

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11
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Other, nonsensory factors influences what the subject says they sense

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12
Q

Response bias

A

tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

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13
Q

graphically summarize a subject’s response in a signal detection experiment; Swets

A

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

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14
Q

Reception

A

first step in all sensory information processing; receptors that react to physical external energy

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15
Q

Transduction

A

translation of physical energy into neural impulses or action potentials

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16
Q

clear, domelike window in the front of eye, gathers and focuses incoming light

A

Cornea

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17
Q

hole in the iris, contracts and dilates

A

Pupil

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18
Q

colored part of the eye, contains involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers; controls the size of the pupil

A

Iris

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19
Q

behind the iris, helps control the curvature of light and can focus near or distant objects

A

Lens

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20
Q

back of the eye, screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels, image-detecting

A

Retina

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21
Q

Duplexity (duplicity theory of vision)

A

retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors

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22
Q

Cones

A

color vision and perceiving fine detail; most effective in bright light

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23
Q

Rods

A

allow perception of achromatic colors in reduced illumination; low sensitivity to detail and not involved in color

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24
Q

Fovea

A

in middle of retina; contains only cones

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25
Q

Optic chiasm

A

fibers from the nasal half of the brain cross paths

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26
Q

information from the eye goes to opposite side of brain

A

Nasal fibers

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27
Q

information from the eye goes to same side of brain

A

Temporal fibers

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28
Q

certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli

A

Feature detection theory

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29
Q

give information about the orientation and boundaries of an object

A

Simple cells

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30
Q

more advanced information about orientation, such as movement

A

Complex cells

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31
Q

abstract concepts such as object shape

A

Hypercomplex cells

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32
Q

Illumination

A

physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface

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33
Q

Brightness

A

subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus

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34
Q

Rhodopsin

A

photopigment found in rods

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35
Q

target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus

A

Simultaneous brightness contrast

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36
Q

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights the borders between dark and light areas

A

Lateral inhibition

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37
Q

mix pigments; yellow, blue, red

A

Subtractive color mixture

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38
Q

lights; blue green, red

A

Additive color mixing

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39
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

retina contains three different types of color receptors; Young-Helmhotz

40
Q

Opponent-process theory of color vision

A

four primaries are arranged in opposing pairs, so that one opponent process would signal the presence of red or green, and another would signal the presence of blue or yellow; Hering

41
Q

Afterimages

A

visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus

42
Q

when one object covers or overlaps with another we see one object as being in front

A

Interposition (overlap)

43
Q

as an object gets farther away, its image on the retina gets smaller

A

Relative size

44
Q

convergence of parallel lines in the distance

A

Linear perspective

45
Q

variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer

A

Texture gradients (Gibson)

46
Q

when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer

A

Motion parallax

47
Q

when an object rather than the perceiver moves

A

Kinetic depth effect

48
Q

Binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

distance between the eyes provides us with two slightly dsparate views on the world

49
Q

Binocular parallax

A

degree of disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye in the skull

50
Q

integrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention

A

Figure

51
Q

background against which the figure appears

A

Ground

52
Q

Law of proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

53
Q

Law of similarity

A

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

54
Q

Law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

55
Q

Subjective contours

A

perceiving contours that are not present in the physical stimulus

56
Q

Law of closure

A

when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a figure

57
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

create the most stable, consistent, and simple figures possible within a given retinal array

58
Q

there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain

A

Theory of isomorphism (Kohler)

59
Q

object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules

A

Bottom-up processing

60
Q

object perception that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components

A

Top-down processing

61
Q

Real motion

A

actually moving light

62
Q

Apparent motion (stroboscopic movement or phi phenomenon)

A

illusion that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot

63
Q

Induced motion

A

illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved

64
Q

Motion aftereffect (waterfall illusion)

A

when you first view a moving pattern and then you view a spot of light: the spot of light will appear to move in the opposite direction

65
Q

actual object or event out there in the world

A

Distal stimulus

66
Q

information our sensory receptors receive about the object

A

Proximal stimulus

67
Q

tendency for the perceived size of an object to remain constant despite variations in the size of its retinal image

A

Size constancy

68
Q

tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image

A

Shape constancy

69
Q

despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object, the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged

A

Lightness constancy

70
Q

perceived color of an object does not change when we change the wavelength of the light we see

A

Color constancy

71
Q

Muller-Lyer and Ponzo Illusions

A

two horizontal lines are the same length

72
Q

Hering and Wundt Illusions

A

two horizontal lines are straight and parallel

73
Q

Poggendorff Illusion

A

diagonal line on bottom is continuation of diagonal on the top

74
Q

Preferential looking

A

if infant looks longer at one of two presented stimuli, it can be inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between the stimuli; Fantz

75
Q

Habituation

A

when a new stimulus is presented to an infant, the infant will orient toward it

76
Q

number of cycles per second measured in Hertz

A

Frequency

77
Q

amplitude or height of the air-pressure waves measured in bels

A

Intensity

78
Q

subjective experience of the magnitude or intensity of the sound

A

Loudness

79
Q

subjective experience or perception of the frequency of the sound

A

Pitch

80
Q

quality of a particular sound

A

Timbre

81
Q

Pinna

A

fleshy part of the ear that channels sound waves into the auditory canal

82
Q

Eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves

83
Q

Oval window

A

entrance to the inner ear

84
Q

Basilar membrane

A

membranes that run the length of the cochlea

85
Q

Organ of Corti

A

composed of thousands of hair cells that are receptors for hearing

86
Q

each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate

A

Place theory (Helmholtz and Young)

87
Q

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole, and that the rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus which is then directly translated into the appropriate number of neural impulses per second

A

Frequency theory

88
Q

movement of the basilar membrane is maximal at a different place along the basilar membrane for each different frequency

A

Bekesy’s Traveling Wave

89
Q

minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

A

Two -point theory

90
Q

Physiological zero

A

temperature of the skin

91
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

there is a special “gate” mechanism that can turn pain signals on and off; Melzack and Wall

92
Q

Proprioception

A

sense of bodily position

93
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of balance and of our bodily position relative to gravity

94
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

awareness of body movement and position

95
Q

acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems

A

Selective attention

96
Q

performance is worst at extremely low or extremely high levels of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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