Social Processes, Attitudes, & Behavior Flashcards
Actions/behaviors that individuals perform due to others being around is known as ?
Social action
-Attributed to Weber
The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when others are around is known as ?
Social facilitation
“Being in the presence of others tends to increase arousal, which allows for individuals to perform better on known tasks and worse on complex tasks” is known as ?
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
The loss of one’s self-awareness & associated adaptation of a more group oriented identity in a group setting is known as ?
Deindividuation
-Leads to antinormative behavior
When individuals do not intervene to render help to those in need when others are present is known as ?
Bystander effect
The tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting is known as ?
Social loafing
“When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group” is termed ?
Identity shift effect
- Emphasizes cognitive dissonance: simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts/opinions
- Asch experiment
Ways in which 2 or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviors is known as ?
Social interaction
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas & inclinations of the members is termed ?
Group polarization
-Similar to choice shift: refers to measured changes in decision before & after group interaction
A social phenomenon in which a desire for harmony/conformity causes a group coming to an incorrect decision is known as ?
Groupthink
What are the 8 factors indicative of groupthink ?
- Illusion of invulnerability: encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls (too optimistic)
- Collective rationalization: ignore expressed concerns about approved ideas
- Illusion of morality: believe ideas are morally & ethically correct (despite contrary evidence)
- Excessive stereotyping: stereotype those w/ outside opinions
- Pressure for conformity: pressured to not disagree with group (seen as disloyal)
- Self-censorship: withhold ideas/opinions that disagree w/ group
- Illusion of unanimity: believe ideas/opinions be w/o disagreement
- Mindguards: may protect group against opposing opinions
The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior & culture begin to resemble that of another group is known as ?
Cultural assimilation
-Can be slowed by ethnic enclaves
What are the 4 factors that assess the completeness of immigrant assimilation ?
- language attainment
- Intermarriage
- socioeconomic status
- geographic distribution
Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture is known as ?
Subcultures
-Negative views=counterculture
Beliefs, customs, & cultural norms are passed down from 1 generation to another in a process called ?
Cultural transmission (cultural learning) -Similar to cultural diffusion: spread of norms, beliefs, & customs from one culture to another
Initially learning acceptable actions & attitudes through observation of adults (mainly parents) during childhood is termed ?
Primary socialization
The process of learning appropriate behavior based on specific social environments is known as?
Secondary socialization
-Can cause anticipatory socialization: process by which one prepares for future changes in life
*Resocialization: changed behavior by intensive retraining
Widely observed social norms are known as ?
Mores
Penalties or rewards for misconduct or appropriate behavior is known as ?
Sanctions (formal and informal)
-Can be used to maintain social control
Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in a particular social interaction is known as ?
Folkways
Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society is known as ?
Deviance
An extreme disapproval/dislike of a person/group based on perceived diif. from the rest of society is termed ?
Social stigma
“The labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also their self-image” is attributed to ?
Labeling theory
-Internalizing a label and assuming the implied role may lead to that role overtaking one’s personality (role engulfment)
The idea that deviance (mainly criminal behavior) can be learned through interactions w/ others is known as ?
Differential association theory
The idea that deviance is a natural reaction to the disconnect btwn social goals & social structure is termed ?
Strain theory
What is the difference btwn internalization & identification ?
Intern. Involves changing one’s behavior to fit w/ a group while also privately agreeing w/ group ideals, while ident. is the outward acceptance of others’ ideas w/o personally taking on those ideas.
-Stanford Prison Experiment: Zimbardo
The technique that begins w/ a small request and later a larger one is known as ?
Foot in the door technique
The technique that begins with a larger inane request and then a smaller intended request is known as ?
Door in the face technique
When a requestor raises the cost of a commitment once the commitment is obtained from an individual, this is known as?
Lowball technique
When an individual is made an offer, but then offered something better before making a decision would be ?
That’s not all technique
The ways in which people think about others & how these ideas impact behavior is known as ?
Social cognition
What are the 3 primary components of attitude ? (ABC)
- affective: emotional component (way one feels toward something)
- behavioral: way person acts w/ respect to something
- cognitive: way one thinks about something
What are the attributes of the functional attitudes theory ?
- Knowledge function: provide organization to thoughts & experiences
- Ego-expression: allows us to communicate & express self-identity
- Adaptation: socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance
- Ego defense: protect self-esteem & justify actions we know are wrong
Theory of attitude formation & attitude change that separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive info is termed ?
Elaboration likelihood model
- Central route processing: those who elaborate extensively (central route to persuasion)
- Peripheral route processing: focus on superficial details (peripheral route to persuasion)
The idea that people learn how to behave & shape attitudes by observing behaviors of others is known as ?
Social cognitive theory
-Environmental, personal, & behavioral factors
