Social Processes, Attitudes, & Behavior

Question 1

Actions/behaviors that individuals perform due to others being around is known as ?

Answer 1

Social action

-Attributed to Weber

Question 2

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when others are around is known as ?

Answer 2

Social facilitation

Question 3

“Being in the presence of others tends to increase arousal, which allows for individuals to perform better on known tasks and worse on complex tasks” is known as ?

Answer 3

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Question 4

The loss of one’s self-awareness & associated adaptation of a more group oriented identity in a group setting is known as ?

Answer 4

Deindividuation

-Leads to antinormative behavior

Question 5

When individuals do not intervene to render help to those in need when others are present is known as ?

Answer 5

Bystander effect

Question 6

The tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting is known as ?

Answer 6

Social loafing

Question 7

“When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group” is termed ?

Answer 7

Identity shift effect

• Emphasizes cognitive dissonance: simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts/opinions
• Asch experiment

Question 8

Ways in which 2 or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviors is known as ?

Answer 8

Social interaction

Question 9

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas & inclinations of the members is termed ?

Answer 9

Group polarization

-Similar to choice shift: refers to measured changes in decision before & after group interaction

Question 10

A social phenomenon in which a desire for harmony/conformity causes a group coming to an incorrect decision is known as ?

Answer 10

Groupthink

Question 11

What are the 8 factors indicative of groupthink ?

Answer 11

1. Illusion of invulnerability: encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls (too optimistic)
2. Collective rationalization: ignore expressed concerns about approved ideas
3. Illusion of morality: believe ideas are morally & ethically correct (despite contrary evidence)
4. Excessive stereotyping: stereotype those w/ outside opinions
5. Pressure for conformity: pressured to not disagree with group (seen as disloyal)
6. Self-censorship: withhold ideas/opinions that disagree w/ group
7. Illusion of unanimity: believe ideas/opinions be w/o disagreement
8. Mindguards: may protect group against opposing opinions

Question 12

The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior & culture begin to resemble that of another group is known as ?

Answer 12

Cultural assimilation

-Can be slowed by ethnic enclaves

Question 13

What are the 4 factors that assess the completeness of immigrant assimilation ?

Answer 13

1. language attainment
2. Intermarriage
3. socioeconomic status
4. geographic distribution

Question 14

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture is known as ?

Answer 14

Subcultures

-Negative views=counterculture

Question 15

Beliefs, customs, & cultural norms are passed down from 1 generation to another in a process called ?

Answer 15

Cultural transmission (cultural learning)
-Similar to cultural diffusion: spread of norms, beliefs, & customs from one culture to another

Question 16

Initially learning acceptable actions & attitudes through observation of adults (mainly parents) during childhood is termed ?

Answer 16

Primary socialization

Question 17

The process of learning appropriate behavior based on specific social environments is known as?

Answer 17

Secondary socialization
-Can cause anticipatory socialization: process by which one prepares for future changes in life

*Resocialization: changed behavior by intensive retraining

Question 18

Widely observed social norms are known as ?

Answer 18

Mores

Question 19

Penalties or rewards for misconduct or appropriate behavior is known as ?

Answer 19

Sanctions (formal and informal)

-Can be used to maintain social control

Question 20

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in a particular social interaction is known as ?

Answer 20

Folkways

Question 21

Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society is known as ?

Answer 21

Deviance

Question 22

An extreme disapproval/dislike of a person/group based on perceived diif. from the rest of society is termed ?

Answer 22

Social stigma

Question 23

“The labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also their self-image” is attributed to ?

Answer 23

Labeling theory
-Internalizing a label and assuming the implied role may lead to that role overtaking one’s personality (role engulfment)

Question 24

The idea that deviance (mainly criminal behavior) can be learned through interactions w/ others is known as ?

Answer 24

Differential association theory

Question 25

The idea that deviance is a natural reaction to the disconnect btwn social goals & social structure is termed ?

Answer 25

Strain theory

Question 26

What is the difference btwn internalization & identification ?

Answer 26

Intern. Involves changing one’s behavior to fit w/ a group while also privately agreeing w/ group ideals, while ident. is the outward acceptance of others’ ideas w/o personally taking on those ideas.
-Stanford Prison Experiment: Zimbardo

Question 27

The technique that begins w/ a small request and later a larger one is known as ?

Answer 27

Foot in the door technique

Question 28

The technique that begins with a larger inane request and then a smaller intended request is known as ?

Answer 28

Door in the face technique

Question 29

When a requestor raises the cost of a commitment once the commitment is obtained from an individual, this is known as?

Answer 29

Lowball technique

Question 30

When an individual is made an offer, but then offered something better before making a decision would be ?

Answer 30

That’s not all technique

Question 31

The ways in which people think about others & how these ideas impact behavior is known as ?

Answer 31

Social cognition

Question 32

What are the 3 primary components of attitude ? (ABC)

Answer 32

1. affective: emotional component (way one feels toward something)
2. behavioral: way person acts w/ respect to something
3. cognitive: way one thinks about something

Question 33

What are the attributes of the functional attitudes theory ?

Answer 33

1. Knowledge function: provide organization to thoughts & experiences
2. Ego-expression: allows us to communicate & express self-identity
3. Adaptation: socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance
4. Ego defense: protect self-esteem & justify actions we know are wrong

Question 34

Theory of attitude formation & attitude change that separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive info is termed ?

Answer 34

Elaboration likelihood model

• Central route processing: those who elaborate extensively (central route to persuasion)
• Peripheral route processing: focus on superficial details (peripheral route to persuasion)

Question 35

The idea that people learn how to behave & shape attitudes by observing behaviors of others is known as ?

Answer 35

Social cognitive theory

-Environmental, personal, & behavioral factors