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Behavioral Sciences (Psychology and Sociology) > Identity & Personality > Flashcards

Identity & Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

A self-given label that carries a set of qualities is termed ?

A

Self-schema

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2
Q

What is the diff. btwn identity & self-concept ?

A

Identity is defined as the individual concepts of our self-concept. Self-concept is our awareness of who we are distinct from others.
One could have multiple identities that sum up one self-concept

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3
Q

One’s appraisal of him/herself on a masculinity & femininity scale is termed ?

A

Gender identity

  • Androgyny: weighed equally
  • Undifferentiated: Low weigh on both ends
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4
Q

The part of one’s identity associated w/ membership in a particular racial/ethnic group is known as ?

A

Ethnic identity

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5
Q

Its believed that our identities are organized in a way such that we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance in a given moment. This is known as ?

A

Hierarchy of salience

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6
Q

Self-discrepancy theory, which maintains that we have 3 selves & perceived diff in them lead to neg. emotions, encompasses what ?

A
  1. actual self: self-concept
  2. Ideal self: what we want to be
  3. ought self: our representation of what we think others want us to be

*The closer these 3, the higher our self esteem

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7
Q

Our belief in our ability to succeed is termed ?

A

Self-efficacy

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8
Q

The way we characterize the influences in our lives is termed?

A

Locus of control
Internal: we control our own fate
External: our fate is controlled by luck or outside forces

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9
Q

Being overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development is known as ?

A

Fixation
-Neurosis: due to fixation, child will develop mental disorder based on anxiety caused by that stage, that will follow them into adulthood

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10
Q

What are the stages and attributes of Freud’s psychosexual development ?

A
  1. Oral stage (0-1): libidinal energy fixated on mouth
  2. Anal stage (1-3): libidinal energy fixated on the anus
  3. Phallic/Oedipal stage (3-5): male child scared of castration, dislike father, feels guilty, sublimate libidinal energy
  4. Latency stage (5-until puberty): libido sublimated
  5. Genital stage: person should be heterosexual (trauma linked to homosexuality, asexually, & etc.)
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11
Q

Erikson’s theory encompasses what main idea?

A

That personality development is driven by successful resolutions of a series of social & emotional conflicts

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12
Q

What are all elements of Erikson’s psychosexual development theory ?

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust (1): newborn learns to trust
  2. Autonomy vs shame & doubt (1-3): begins to explore interests; exerts ability to exert control over world
  3. Initiative vs guilt (3-6): child begins starting/finishing tasks for a purpose
  4. Industry vs inferiority (6-12): become aware of themselves as individuals
  5. Identity vs role confusion (12-20): determine who they are & their purpose in society
  6. Intimacy vs isolation (20-40): focus on creating long-lasting bonds
  7. Generativity vs stagnation (40-65): focus of advancing present & future society
  8. Integrity vs despair (65-up): reflective & contemplative
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13
Q

The idea that as our cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think about the world in more complex & nuanced ways, which will directly affect the way we resolve moral dilemmas is known as ?

A

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

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14
Q

What does stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?

A

Preconventional morality: consequences of moral choice

  • Obedience: concerned w/ avoiding punishment
  • Self-interest: reward gain (also referred to as instrumental relativist stage - based on concept of reciprocacy)
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15
Q

What does stage 2 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?

A

Conventional morality: where individuals see themselves in terms of relationships; understanding & accepting social rules

  • Conformity: emphasis on “good character” for approval from others
  • Law & Order: maintains social order
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16
Q

What does stage 3 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?

A

Postconventional morality: based on social mores, may conflict w/ laws

  • Social contract: morals ensure greater good (individually)
  • Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
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17
Q

“Skills & abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process of development” is a concept of Vygotsky known as?

A

Zone of proximal development

-typically requires help of someone more knowledgeable

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18
Q

Our understanding of how others perceive us, which causes us to see a reflection of ourselves from the words & actions of others is termed ?

A

Looking-glass self

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19
Q

The group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves is known as?

A

Reference group

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20
Q

The assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate actions of individuals & determine personality is defined as ?

A

Psychoanalytical (psychodynamic) theories of personality

21
Q

ID encompasses urge to survive and reproduce (according to Freud), & is associated w/ ?

A

Pleasure principle: achieve immediate pleasure to relieve pent up tension
Primary process: Id’s response to frustration based on pleasure principle
Wish fulfillment: mental imagery that fulfills this need for satisfaction

22
Q

Ego acts according to which principle ?

A

Reality principle: takes into account objective reality as it affects ID (referred to as secondary process)
Suppressed pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained

23
Q

What judges our actions & responds w/ pride to our accomplishments & guilt to our failures ?

A

Superego

  • Conscience: improper actions that the child is punished for
  • Ego-ideal: proper actions that the child is rewarded for
24
Q

The ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts & urges to the unconscious is known as ?

A

Repression (unconscious forgetting)

-Suppression: conscious form of forgetting

25
Q

Reversion to an earlier developmental stage is known as ?

A

Regression

26
Q

When an individual suppresses urges by unconsciously converting those urges to their opposites is known as ?

A

Reaction formation

27
Q

When individuals attribute their undesired feelings onto others, this is known as ?

A

Projection

  • Rorschach inkblot test
  • Thematic appreciation test
28
Q

The justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self & society is known as ?

A

Rationalization

29
Q

The transference of 1 undesired urge from one person/object to another is known as ?

A

Displacement

30
Q

The transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors is known as ?

A

Sublimation

31
Q

Jung’s identification of the ego as collective unconscious can be described as ?

A

A powerful system shared amongst all, based on experiences of our ancestors

32
Q

What are the different Jungian archetypes and their functions/attributes ?

A

Persona: part of personality we present to world
Anima/animus: sex-inappropriate qualities
Shadow: unpleasant & socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, & actions in experienced in unconscious mind

33
Q

A test that involves saying a word and responding with the first word that comes to mind to assess how unconscious elements influence the conscious mind is…?

A

Word association testing

34
Q

According to Jung, what are the 3 dichotomies of personality?

A

Extraversion vs introversion: Orientation of external world vs inner world
Sensing vs intuiting: obtain objective info from world vs work w/ abstract info
Thinking vs feeling: logic & reason vs value system or personal beliefs

35
Q

Jung’s work created the foundation for the creation of what type of system ?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (personality test)

36
Q

Which psychoanalyst is credited w/ the concept of inferiority complex ?

A

Alfred Adler

  • Creative self: individual shapes their uniqueness & establishes personality
  • Style of life: manifestation of creative self & describes way of achieving superiority
  • Fictional finalism: individual motivated by future expectations
37
Q

Horney’s concept of basic anxiety and basic hostility encompass what attributes?

A
  • Vulnerability & helplessness due to inadequate parenting

- Anger due to neglect & rejection

38
Q

The impact of our interactions, due to subjective experiences during early infancy, is attributed to which theory ?

A

Object relations theory

39
Q

Practitioners taking a more holistic view of the self, seeing individuals as a complete person rather than reducing them to behaviors or drives is known as ?

A

Gestalt therapy

40
Q

One’s current state of mind is defined by which theory ?

A

Force field theory (Lewin)

41
Q

The idea that people have the freedom to control their own behavior is known as & attributed to who ?

A

Client-centered/person-centered/non-directive therapy

Rogers

42
Q

Therapeutic technique in which therapist accepts client fully & expresses empathy in order to promote a + environ. is known as ?

A

Unconditional + regard

43
Q

What is the diff. btwn. type & trait theorists ?

A

-Try to create taxonomy of personalities
-Describe individual personalities as sum of person’s behaviors
(respectively)

44
Q

What are the listed traits in Eysenck’s PEN model ?

A

Psychoticism: measure of non-conformity/social deviance
Extraversion: measure of tolerance for social interaction & stimulation
Neuroticism: measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation (associated w/ negative affect)

45
Q

The PEN was later expanded to the Factor 5 Model. What are the 5 factors & what do they encompass? (OCEAN 🌊)

A
  1. Openness: willing to try new things/experience world
  2. Conscientiousness: self control
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness: maintain peace & harmony in interactions
  5. Neuroticism
46
Q

What does Allport’s traits theory encompass ?

A

Cardinal: traits a person organizes their life around
Central: major characteristics of personality that are easily inferred
Secondary: personal traits that are limited in occurrence

*functional autonomy: continued behavior despite lack of initial intended drive

47
Q

The idea that our mind and environ. interact to determine our actions in a given situation is known as ?

A

Reciprocal determinism

48
Q

The ability to see from another person’s perspective or understand how someone else thinks is known as ?

A

Theory of mind

Behavioral Sciences (Psychology and Sociology) (12 decks)

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