Identity & Personality Flashcards
A self-given label that carries a set of qualities is termed ?
Self-schema
What is the diff. btwn identity & self-concept ?
Identity is defined as the individual concepts of our self-concept. Self-concept is our awareness of who we are distinct from others.
One could have multiple identities that sum up one self-concept
One’s appraisal of him/herself on a masculinity & femininity scale is termed ?
Gender identity
- Androgyny: weighed equally
- Undifferentiated: Low weigh on both ends
The part of one’s identity associated w/ membership in a particular racial/ethnic group is known as ?
Ethnic identity
Its believed that our identities are organized in a way such that we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance in a given moment. This is known as ?
Hierarchy of salience
Self-discrepancy theory, which maintains that we have 3 selves & perceived diff in them lead to neg. emotions, encompasses what ?
- actual self: self-concept
- Ideal self: what we want to be
- ought self: our representation of what we think others want us to be
*The closer these 3, the higher our self esteem
Our belief in our ability to succeed is termed ?
Self-efficacy
The way we characterize the influences in our lives is termed?
Locus of control
Internal: we control our own fate
External: our fate is controlled by luck or outside forces
Being overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development is known as ?
Fixation
-Neurosis: due to fixation, child will develop mental disorder based on anxiety caused by that stage, that will follow them into adulthood
What are the stages and attributes of Freud’s psychosexual development ?
- Oral stage (0-1): libidinal energy fixated on mouth
- Anal stage (1-3): libidinal energy fixated on the anus
- Phallic/Oedipal stage (3-5): male child scared of castration, dislike father, feels guilty, sublimate libidinal energy
- Latency stage (5-until puberty): libido sublimated
- Genital stage: person should be heterosexual (trauma linked to homosexuality, asexually, & etc.)
Erikson’s theory encompasses what main idea?
That personality development is driven by successful resolutions of a series of social & emotional conflicts
What are all elements of Erikson’s psychosexual development theory ?
- Trust vs mistrust (1): newborn learns to trust
- Autonomy vs shame & doubt (1-3): begins to explore interests; exerts ability to exert control over world
- Initiative vs guilt (3-6): child begins starting/finishing tasks for a purpose
- Industry vs inferiority (6-12): become aware of themselves as individuals
- Identity vs role confusion (12-20): determine who they are & their purpose in society
- Intimacy vs isolation (20-40): focus on creating long-lasting bonds
- Generativity vs stagnation (40-65): focus of advancing present & future society
- Integrity vs despair (65-up): reflective & contemplative
The idea that as our cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think about the world in more complex & nuanced ways, which will directly affect the way we resolve moral dilemmas is known as ?
Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
What does stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?
Preconventional morality: consequences of moral choice
- Obedience: concerned w/ avoiding punishment
- Self-interest: reward gain (also referred to as instrumental relativist stage - based on concept of reciprocacy)
What does stage 2 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?
Conventional morality: where individuals see themselves in terms of relationships; understanding & accepting social rules
- Conformity: emphasis on “good character” for approval from others
- Law & Order: maintains social order
What does stage 3 of Kohlberg’s theory encompass?
Postconventional morality: based on social mores, may conflict w/ laws
- Social contract: morals ensure greater good (individually)
- Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
“Skills & abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process of development” is a concept of Vygotsky known as?
Zone of proximal development
-typically requires help of someone more knowledgeable
Our understanding of how others perceive us, which causes us to see a reflection of ourselves from the words & actions of others is termed ?
Looking-glass self
The group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves is known as?
Reference group
The assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate actions of individuals & determine personality is defined as ?
Psychoanalytical (psychodynamic) theories of personality
ID encompasses urge to survive and reproduce (according to Freud), & is associated w/ ?
Pleasure principle: achieve immediate pleasure to relieve pent up tension
Primary process: Id’s response to frustration based on pleasure principle
Wish fulfillment: mental imagery that fulfills this need for satisfaction
Ego acts according to which principle ?
Reality principle: takes into account objective reality as it affects ID (referred to as secondary process)
Suppressed pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained
What judges our actions & responds w/ pride to our accomplishments & guilt to our failures ?
Superego
- Conscience: improper actions that the child is punished for
- Ego-ideal: proper actions that the child is rewarded for
The ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts & urges to the unconscious is known as ?
Repression (unconscious forgetting)
-Suppression: conscious form of forgetting
Reversion to an earlier developmental stage is known as ?
Regression
When an individual suppresses urges by unconsciously converting those urges to their opposites is known as ?
Reaction formation
When individuals attribute their undesired feelings onto others, this is known as ?
Projection
- Rorschach inkblot test
- Thematic appreciation test
The justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self & society is known as ?
Rationalization
The transference of 1 undesired urge from one person/object to another is known as ?
Displacement
The transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors is known as ?
Sublimation
Jung’s identification of the ego as collective unconscious can be described as ?
A powerful system shared amongst all, based on experiences of our ancestors
What are the different Jungian archetypes and their functions/attributes ?
Persona: part of personality we present to world
Anima/animus: sex-inappropriate qualities
Shadow: unpleasant & socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, & actions in experienced in unconscious mind
A test that involves saying a word and responding with the first word that comes to mind to assess how unconscious elements influence the conscious mind is…?
Word association testing
According to Jung, what are the 3 dichotomies of personality?
Extraversion vs introversion: Orientation of external world vs inner world
Sensing vs intuiting: obtain objective info from world vs work w/ abstract info
Thinking vs feeling: logic & reason vs value system or personal beliefs
Jung’s work created the foundation for the creation of what type of system ?
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (personality test)
Which psychoanalyst is credited w/ the concept of inferiority complex ?
Alfred Adler
- Creative self: individual shapes their uniqueness & establishes personality
- Style of life: manifestation of creative self & describes way of achieving superiority
- Fictional finalism: individual motivated by future expectations
Horney’s concept of basic anxiety and basic hostility encompass what attributes?
- Vulnerability & helplessness due to inadequate parenting
- Anger due to neglect & rejection
The impact of our interactions, due to subjective experiences during early infancy, is attributed to which theory ?
Object relations theory
Practitioners taking a more holistic view of the self, seeing individuals as a complete person rather than reducing them to behaviors or drives is known as ?
Gestalt therapy
One’s current state of mind is defined by which theory ?
Force field theory (Lewin)
The idea that people have the freedom to control their own behavior is known as & attributed to who ?
Client-centered/person-centered/non-directive therapy
Rogers
Therapeutic technique in which therapist accepts client fully & expresses empathy in order to promote a + environ. is known as ?
Unconditional + regard
What is the diff. btwn. type & trait theorists ?
-Try to create taxonomy of personalities
-Describe individual personalities as sum of person’s behaviors
(respectively)
What are the listed traits in Eysenck’s PEN model ?
Psychoticism: measure of non-conformity/social deviance
Extraversion: measure of tolerance for social interaction & stimulation
Neuroticism: measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation (associated w/ negative affect)
The PEN was later expanded to the Factor 5 Model. What are the 5 factors & what do they encompass? (OCEAN 🌊)
- Openness: willing to try new things/experience world
- Conscientiousness: self control
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness: maintain peace & harmony in interactions
- Neuroticism
What does Allport’s traits theory encompass ?
Cardinal: traits a person organizes their life around
Central: major characteristics of personality that are easily inferred
Secondary: personal traits that are limited in occurrence
*functional autonomy: continued behavior despite lack of initial intended drive
The idea that our mind and environ. interact to determine our actions in a given situation is known as ?
Reciprocal determinism
The ability to see from another person’s perspective or understand how someone else thinks is known as ?
Theory of mind
