Learning & Memory Flashcards
A repeated exposure to the same stimulus can lead to a decrease in response…this is known as what ?
Habituation
*Dishabituation = opposite
Who is revolutionarily responsible for classical conditioning ?
Ivan Pavlov
The process of using an unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimuli into a conditioned stimulus is known as what ?
Acquisition
The loss of a conditioned response is known as what ?
Extinction
When an extinct conditioned stimulus produces a weak conditioned response, this is known as ?
Spontaneous recovery
A broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response is known as ?
Generalization
*Discrimination = opposite
Who is operant conditioning associated with ?
B.F Skinner
What are the 2 different types of reinforcement ?
Positive: increase frequency of behavior by adding positive consequence following behavior
Negative: increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant
What are the 2 different types of negative reinforcements ?
Avoidance learning: desired behavior displayed due to anticipation of negative stimuli
Escape learning: experience negative stimuli & perform desired behavior to remove it
The indication that a reward is potentially available is known as ?
Discriminative stimulus (in operant conditioning)
What are the two different types of punishments?
Positive punishment: add unpleasant consequence in response to reduce undesired behavior (aversive conditioning)
Negative punishment: removal of a stimulus in order to reduce an undesired behavior
What are the four different reinforcement schedules and what do they all entail?
Fixed ratio: reinforce behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
Fixed interval: behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed
Variable ratio: reinforces behavior after a varying amount of performances of that behavior
Variable interval: behavior is reinforced after a varying amount of time has passed
The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response is known as?
Shaping
Learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced is known as?
Latent learning
Rewarding based on behaviors that coincide with natural abilities and environment is known as?
Preparedness
Which neurological factors affect observational learning?
Mirror neurons
What is sensory memory and what are the two types?
The preservation of information in its original sensory form with high accuracy and last only a very short time
- iconic memory:fast decaying memory of visual stimuli
- echoic memory: fast decaying memory of auditory stimuli
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
Consolidating short-term memory into long-term memory
What are the two types of long-term memory ?
Implicit memory (non-declarative memory): unconscious memory
-procedural memory: unconscious memory of skills required to complete procedural tasks
-priming: involves presentation of one stimulus affecting perception of second one
Explicit memory (declarative memory): conscious recall of memories
-episodic memory: refers to our recollection of life experiences
-semantic memory: refers to ideas concepts of facts that we know but are not tied to specific life experiences
When one node of our semantic network is activated, it unconsciously activates other linked concepts. This process is known as?
Spreading activation
What is the difference between context effect and source monitoring?
Context effect: memory aided by being in physical location where encoding happened
Source monitoring: retrieval process that involves determining origin of memories whether factual or fictional
The retrieval cue based on performing better when in the same mental state as when the information was learned is known as?
State dependent memory/state dependent effect
The position of an item and its effect on its ability to be recalled is known as?
Serial position effect
* primacy and recency effect
What factors are associated with Alzheimer’s disease?
Dementia
Sundowning
Neurofibrillary tangles and beta amyloid plaques
Memory loss due to thiamine deficiency in the brain is known as?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
- retrograde amnesia: loss of previously formed memories
- anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories
- confabulation: process of creating vivid but fabricated memories
The loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds is known as?
Agnosia (usually only one of the three)
Old information interfering with new learning is known as?
Proactive interference
When new information causes forgetting of old information, this phenomenon is known as?
Retroactive interference
When a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to injections of outside info, this is known as?
Misinformation effect
False memories that include a false detail into a particular memory that is derived from an original memory is known as?
Intrusion errors
When a person remembers details of an event but confuses the context of which those details were gained is known as?
Source monitoring error
The process of weak neural connections being broken and stronger ones being maintained is known as?
Synaptic pruning
What are the different ways we encode info with controlled processing ?
Visual encoding: visualize it
Acoustic encoding: store sounds
Elaborative encoding: link it to knowledge we already know
Semantic encoding: meaningful context
Our tendency to recall info that we link in context to our lives is known as ?
Self reference effect
Phrases or acronyms that provide a vivid organization of what we’re trying to remember is known as ?
Mnemonics
- Method of loci: associate item w/ location
- Peg-word: associate #’s with items that rhyme/resembles
- Chunking/clustering: take individual elements & group them together
Remembering to perform a task @ some point in the future is what type of memory ?
Prospective memory
Declines w/ age
A theory of recall being affected by semantic memory, imagination, & perspective is known as ?
Reconstructive memory
Neural connections forming rapidly in response to stimuli in infants is known as ?
Neuroplasticity
The strengthening of neural connections through repeated use is known as ?
Long term potentiation
