Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

Rewards for a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior isn’t achieved is known as ?

Answer 1

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 2

Motivation that stems from within is termed ?

Answer 2

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 3

The idea that certain behaviors are evolutionarily programmed into us is attributed to which theory ?

Answer 3

Instinct Theory

Question 4

The idea the people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal is termed ?

Answer 4

Arousal Theory

• Yerkes Dodson Law: people perform worst at too high and too low arousal levels (U shaped graph)
• Lower levels better for cognitive tasks
• Higher levels better for physical endurance and stamina

Question 5

The motivation to maintain homeostasis by needing/seeking essential items is termed ?

Answer 5

Primary Drives

Question 6

Drives that are associated with learning and emotion are ?

Answer 6

Secondary Drives

Question 7

The idea that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states is known as ?

Answer 7

Drive Reduction Theory

Question 8

Needs, a relatively long-lasting feeling that requires relief or satisfaction & tends to influence behavior, was defined by who ?

Answer 8

Abraham Maslow

Question 9

What are 5 classified needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ? (ranked from lowest to highest)

Answer 9

1. Physiological (lowest)
2. Safety
3. Love/Belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization: need to reach one’s fullest potential (highest)

Question 10

Self-determination theory emphasizes which 3 universal needs ?

Answer 10

1. autonomy, to be in control of one’s actions & ideas
2. competence, the need to excel @ difficult tasks
3. relatedness, to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Question 11

The idea that behavior is motivated by rewards and to avoid punishments is known as?

Answer 11

Incentive theory

Question 12

“The amount of motivation needed to reach a desired goal is a result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal & degree to which they value succeeding @ the goal”…?

Answer 12

Expectancy-value theory

Question 13

The idea that the body will change its physiology to counteract the effects caused by long term use of a drug is known as ?

Answer 13

Opponent-process theory

-Associated w/ tolerance

Question 14

What idea corresponds to Darwin’s thoughts that everything we do, think, & feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any issue we face ?

Answer 14

Evolutionary perspective

Question 15

Describe the James-Lange theory in your own words and provide a verbal example

Answer 15

Theory states that physiological arousal due to a stimulus, leads to a cognitive response to emotion (proven to be false)

Question 16

Define Cannon-Bard theory in your own words and provide unique example.

Answer 16

Theory states that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of an emotion happen simultaneously, then a behavioral response is followed. (inconclusive)

Question 17

Describe Schachter-Singer theory (cognitive arousal theory/two-factor theory) in your own words and provide an example.

Answer 17

Theory states that physiological arousal & cognitive appraisal to a stimulus will lead to cognitive labeling of emotions.

Question 18

What are the different portions of the prefrontal cortex and what are their main functions?

Answer 18

• Right PFC: negative emotions
• Left PFC: positive emotions
• Ventral PFC: connects w/ regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotions
• Dorsal PFC: attention & cognition
• Ventromedial PFC: decision making & controlling emotional response from amygdala

Question 19

The initial evaluation of an environment to detect a potential associated threat (stress) is known as ?

Answer 19

Primary appraisal

Question 20

Evaluating whether an organism can cope with the identified stress is termed ?

Answer 20

Secondary appraisal

Question 21

What’s the diff. btwn. distress and eustress ?

Answer 21

Distress is when a stressor is unpleasant, whereas eustress results from a positively perceived stressor

Question 22

The general adaptation syndrome, developed by Selye, consists of what 3 stages ?

Answer 22

1. Alarm: stressor–>SNS—>HT—>Pituitary (ACTH)—>Adrenal glands (cortisol)
2. Resistance: continuous release of hormones allows SNS to remain engaged to fight stressor
3. Exhaustion: body can no longer maintain elevated response w/ SNS (susceptible to sickness)