Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

Answer 1

social action

Question 2

people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched

Answer 2

social facilitation

Question 3

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

Answer 3

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Question 4

individual behavior can be dramatically different in social environments

Answer 4

deindividuation

Question 5

individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

Answer 5

bystander effect

Question 6

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in group setting than individually

Answer 6

social loafing

Question 7

when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group

Answer 7

identity shift effect

Question 8

simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

Answer 8

cognitive dissonance

Question 9

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group

Answer 9

group polarization

Question 10

social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

Answer 10

groupthink

Question 11

creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

Answer 11

illusion of invulnerability

Question 12

ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

Answer 12

collective rationalization

Question 13

the belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

Answer 13

illusion of morality

Question 14

the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

Answer 14

excessive stereotyping

Question 15

the pressure to put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

Answer 15

pressure for conformity

Question 16

withholding of opposing views

Answer 16

self-censorship

Question 17

false sense of agreement within the group

Answer 17

illusion of unanimity

Question 18

appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

Answer 18

mindguards

Question 19

beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

Answer 19

culture

Question 20

process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

Answer 20

assismilation

Question 21

groups of people within a culture who distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

Answer 21

subculture

Question 22

process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

Answer 22

socialization

Question 23

the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture

Answer 23

cultural diffusion

Question 24

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity

Answer 24

primary socialization

Question 25

process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

Answer 25

secondary socialization

Question 26

process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

Answer 26

anticipatory socialization

Question 27

one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have positive or negative connotations

Answer 27

resocialization

Question 28

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions

Answer 28

folkways

Question 29

labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self image

Answer 29

labeling theory

Question 30

intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior him or her self

Answer 30

differential association theory

Question 31

attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

Answer 31

strain theory

Question 32

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

Answer 32

conformity

Question 33

desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

Answer 33

normative conformity

Question 34

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

Answer 34

internalization

Question 35

outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

Answer 35

identification

Question 36

small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

Answer 36

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 37

large request is made at first and, if refused, a second smaller request is made

Answer 37

door-in-the-face technique

Question 38

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

Answer 38

lowball technique

Question 39

an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected

Answer 39

that’s-not-all technique

Question 40

states that attitudes serve four functions:knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense

Answer 40

functional attitudes theory

Question 41

posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

Answer 41

learning theory

Question 42

separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information

Answer 42

elaboration likelihood model

Question 43

elaborate extensively, deep thinking

Answer 43

central route processing

Question 44

do not elaborate, focus on superficial details

Answer 44

peripheral route processing

Question 45

postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others

Answer 45

social cognitive theory