Learning & Memory Flashcards
repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response
habituation
recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred
dishabituation
associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli
classical conditioning
stimulus that brings about reflexive response
unconditioned stimulus
innate or reflexive response
unconditioned response
normally neutral stimulus through association now causes reflexive response
conditioned stimulus
reflexive response to normal neutral stimulus
conditioned response
links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors
operant conditioning
process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior
reinforcement
increase a behavior by adding positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior
positive reinforcer
increase the frequency of behavior but remove something unpleasant
negative reinforcer
uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of behavior
punishment
adds unpleasant consequence in response to behavior to reduce that behavior
positive punishment
reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed
negative punishment
reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
fixed ratio
reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
variable ratio
reinforce the first instance of the behavior after a specified period of time has elapsed
fixed interval
reinforce the behavior the first time that a behavior is performed after a varying time interval
variable interval
process of putting new information into memory
Encoding
info gained without effort
automatic processing
active memorization
controlled (effortful) processing
repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory
maintenance rehearsal
first and most fleeting kind of memory storage, consists of both iconic( visual ) and echoic ( auditory )
sensory memory
housed primarily in the hippocampus, limited in capacity to approximately 7 items + or - 2, can be increased by clustering info
short term memory
closely related to short term memory, enables us to keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that info
working memory
skills and conditioned responses
implicit memory
memories that require conscious recall
explicit memory
our experiences
episodic memory
the facts that we know
semantic memory
recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory
priming
linked concepts are unconsciously activated
spreading activation
persons mental state affects recall
state- dependent memory
retrieval cue that occurs while learning lists
serial position effect
tendency to remember early and late items
primacy and recency effect
old info is interfering with new learning
proactive interference
new info causes forgetting old info
retroactive interference
remembering to perform a task at some point in the future
prospective memory
type of prospective memory that declines with age
time based
involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory
source monitoring error
