Identity and Personality Flashcards
our internal list of answers to the question
“Who am I?”
self-concept
self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities
self-schema
individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
identity
members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language
ethnic identity
based on political borders; result of shared history, media, cuisine, and national symbols
nationality
we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
hierarchy of salience
maintains that each of us has three selves
actual-ideal-ought
self-discrepancy theory
way we see ourselves as we currently are
actual self
the person we would like to be
ideal self
our representation of the way others think we should be
ought self
our belief in our ability to succeed
self-efficacy
refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
internal vs external
locus of control
oral stage (0-1) anal stage (1-3) phallic or Oedipal stage (3-5) latency lasts until puberty genital stage (puberty - adulthood)
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands
Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development
first conflict lasts from ages (0 to 1)
trust vs mistrust
second personality conflict ages 1 to 3
autonomy vs shame and doubt
third personality conflict ages 3 to 6
initiative vs guilt
personality conflict 6 to 12
industry vs inferiority
personality conflict during adolescence 12 to 20
encompasses physiological revolution
identity vs role confusion
main crisis of adulthood 20 to 40
intimacy vs isolation
conflict of middle age 40 to 65
generativity vs stagnation
crisis of old age 65+
integrity vs despair
focuses not on resolving conflicts or urges, but rather on the development of moral thinking
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of personality development
typical of preadolescent thinking and places emphasis on the consequences of moral choice
preconventional morality
concerned with avoiding punishment
obedience
focused on gaining rewards
self-interest
begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others
conventional morality
places emphasis on the “good boy, nice girl” orientation in which a person seeks the approval of others
conformity
maintains the social order in the highest regard
law and order
level of reasoning that is based on social mores, which may conflict with laws
postconventional morality
view moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights
social contract
decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
Universal human ethics
skills and abilities that have not full developed but are in the process of development
zone of proximal development by Vugotsky
set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations
Personality
aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension
pleasure principle ID
taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle
reality principle ego
personality’s perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures
superego
ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious, and underlies many of the other defense mechanisms, disguise threatening impulses that may find their way back from the unconscious
repression
deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
suppression
reversion to an earlier developmental stage
regression
suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites
reaction formation
individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others
projection
justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society
rationalization
describes the transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another
displacement
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
sublimation
powerful system that is shared among all humans and is considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors
collective unconscious
mask that we wear in public, part of our personality that we present to the world
persona
suppressed female qualities in males
Jung’s man’s inner woman
anima
male qualities of females
Jung woman’s inner man
animus
appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
shadow
Adler; individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
inferiority complex
force by which an individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality
creative self
manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority
style of life
individual is more motivated by expectations of future than past experiences
fictional finalism
