Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved

Answer 2

extrinsic motivation

Question 3

motivation that comes from within oneself

Answer 3

intrinsic motivation

Question 4

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

Answer 4

instinct theory

Question 5

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Answer 5

arousal

Question 6

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal; seeking to increases when falls below optimal level and decrease when rises above

Answer 6

arousal theory

Question 7

U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. lower levels of arousal for cognitive tasks, higher level for activities that require physical endurance and stamina. Simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks

Answer 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 8

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused goals

Answer 8

drives

Question 9

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Answer 9

drive reduction theory

Question 10

certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation 
in following order:
physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem
self-actualization

Answer 10

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 11

three universal needs:

autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Answer 11

Self-determination theory

Question 12

behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Answer 12

Incentive theory

Question 13

amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

Answer 13

expectancy-value theory

Question 14

natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

Answer 14

emotion

Question 15

physiological, behavioral, and cognitive

Answer 15

three responses of emotion

Question 16

stimulus first results in physiological arousal, which leads to secondary response in which emotion is labeled
“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”
1st-nervous system arousal
2nd- conscious emotion

Answer 16

James-Lang theory of emotion

Question 17

physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence
“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing..”
1st- nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd- emotion

Answer 17

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 18

states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on the environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”
1st-nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd- conscious emotion

Answer 18

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Question 19

initial examination, which results in the identification of the stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Answer 19

Primary appraisal

Question 20

evaluation of one’s own ability to cope with the stress

Answer 20

Secondary appraisal

Question 21

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response

Answer 21

stressor

Question 22

need to choose between two desirable options

Answer 22

approach-approach conflict

Question 23

choices between two negative options

Answer 23

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 24

only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements

Answer 24

approach-avoidance conflict

Question 25

sequence of physiological responses to stress
three distinctive stages
alarm-resistance-exhaustion

Answer 25

general adaptation syndrome

Question 26

initial reaction and activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 26

alarm

Question 27

continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Answer 27

resistance

Question 28

body can no longer maintain an elevated response with the sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 28

exhaustion