Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
purpose, or driving force, behind our actions
motivation
rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved
extrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within oneself
intrinsic motivation
people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
instinct theory
the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
arousal
people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal; seeking to increases when falls below optimal level and decrease when rises above
arousal theory
U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. lower levels of arousal for cognitive tasks, higher level for activities that require physical endurance and stamina. Simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks
Yerkes-Dodson Law
internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused goals
drives
motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
drive reduction theory
certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation in following order: physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
three universal needs:
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Self-determination theory
behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
Incentive theory
amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal
expectancy-value theory
natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
emotion
physiological, behavioral, and cognitive
three responses of emotion
stimulus first results in physiological arousal, which leads to secondary response in which emotion is labeled
“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”
1st-nervous system arousal
2nd- conscious emotion
James-Lang theory of emotion
physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence
“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing..”
1st- nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd- emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on the environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”
1st-nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd- conscious emotion
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
initial examination, which results in the identification of the stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
Primary appraisal
evaluation of one’s own ability to cope with the stress
Secondary appraisal
biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response
stressor
need to choose between two desirable options
approach-approach conflict
choices between two negative options
avoidance-avoidance conflict
only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements
approach-avoidance conflict
sequence of physiological responses to stress
three distinctive stages
alarm-resistance-exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome
initial reaction and activation of the sympathetic nervous system
alarm
continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor
resistance
body can no longer maintain an elevated response with the sympathetic nervous system activity
exhaustion
