Social processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

How are social action and social interaction differ?

Answer 1

social action: 1 person around people

social interaction: 2 or more people interacting with each other

Question 2

What is Social facilitation? give an example.

Answer 2

better performance on easy tasks, worse performance with complex tasks when other people are present

playing piano better at a concert than by himself

Question 3

What is Deindividualization? give an example

Answer 3

Anonymity given when in a group/crowd -> identity loss -> may show antinormative behavior.
ex. yelling and showing aggressive behavior as marching with other people

Question 4

What is Bystander effect? Which 4 factors govern this effect?

Answer 4

Not intervening when others are present for a victim.

1) social etiquette
2) degree of emergency
3) degree of responsibility felt by bystander
4) Cohesiveness to the group

Question 5

What is Social loafing?

Answer 5

less likely to put effort in a group setting

ex. putting less effort in a group project

Question 6

What is Peer pressure? and what is the mechanism that can explain peer pressure?

Answer 6

Pressure felt to conform to the norm of the group.

Identity shift effect: shift of identity from self to norm of social group to resolve internal conflict

Question 7

What is cognitive dissonance and what does it generally lead to in a person? How does one deal with cognitive dissonance?

Answer 7

two thoughts contradicting simultaneously, this generally leads to discomfort, anxiety, fear, aggression.

One may reduce, add to, or change the dissonant thoughts to reduce this discomfort

Question 8

What is the difference between Group polarization and Group think? What is the similarity?

Answer 8

Difference: Group polarization is going towards extreme decision, and Group think is going towards conforming to the norm of the group ignoring outside ideas to stay loyal to the group
Similarity: One does not necessarily follow what he/she agrees with, and there is a change in one’s attitude towards the subject

Question 9

What are the differences between Assimilation and Multiculturalism?

Answer 9

Assimilation: one’s culture melting in another group

Multiculturalism: Celebration of coexisting cultures

Question 10

What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?

Answer 10

primary: home-learning by family
secondary: outside of home learning

Question 11

What are some socialization agents?

Answer 11

family, school, peers, religion, media, work, ethnicity, governments, etc

Question 12

What is socialization?

Answer 12

process of spreading norms, customs and beliefs

Question 13

What is the difference between Deviance and Stigma?

Answer 13

Deviance: any violation of norms or rules of society

Stigma: extreme disapproval based on perceived differences from society

Question 14

What is labeling theory and how is this related to Deviance?

Answer 14

theory that states labels will change how people view a person and how he will view himself. Once labeled, one will either change his/her behavior to further down the deviance or conform with the society’s norm

Question 15

What is Differential association theory?

Answer 15

Deviance is learned through others because they can be deviant or normal based on who they are surrounded by. have bad friends -> turn out bad, good with good.

Question 16

What is Strain theory?

Answer 16

Deviance is a natural reaction to the disconnection between social goals and structures. Once someone’s social goal is not reached in the social structure, he/she will show deviant behavior such as stealing.

Question 17

How are Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience different?

Answer 17

Conformity: changing one’s behavior to fit into the social group whether one agrees with it or not. No request present.

Compliance: Change of behavior by a direct request., by nonauthority figure.

Obedience: change of behavior due to the authority figure even when he/she doesn’t agrees.

Question 18

What is the difference between Internalization and Identification in Conformity?

Answer 18

Internalization: Show agreement and agrees internally

Identification: Show agreement but doesn’t take in internally

Question 19

Define the techniques used in Compliance. 
Foot in the door
Door in the face
Low ball 
That's not all

Answer 19

Foot-in-the-door technique: small -> big

Door-in-the-face technique: big -> small

Low-ball technique: find out later with bigger commitment

That’s-not-all technique: You’ll lose if not now

Question 20

What is attitude?

Answer 20

ways in which we perceive others, whether positive or negative.

Question 21

What are the three components of attitude?

Answer 21

Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive

Question 22

What are the four theories of attitudes and how attitudes form?

Answer 22

Functional attitudes theory

Learning theory

Elaboration likelihood model

Social cognitive theory

Question 23

What are the four functional areas of functional attitudes theory?

Answer 23

1) knowledge: be able to predict what others will do and behave
(Depending on my attitude, I may gain more knowledge about the things I am encountered with. Show positive attitude toward my new coworkers -> relationship -> more knowledge about them)

2) Ego-expressive: Communicate and solidify identity(I’m korean, so I may show positive attitudes towards korean things)

3) Adaptive: One will be accepted if shows socially acceptable attitudes expressed
(I may show different attitudes towards things that people will also agree)

4) Ego-defensive protects our self-esteem/justify actions for wrongdoing(ex. negative attitude towards a subject I am bad at)

Question 24

What is Learning theory?

Answer 24

Attitudes are learned from different forms of learning. Touching, listening to parents, watching TV, etc.

Question 25

What is Elaboration likelihood model? What are the two routes of processing used to explain the elaboration likelihood model? Which is associated with high elaboration?

Answer 25

Way of separating individuals based on their processing of persuasive information

Central: High elaboration, scrutinize details

Peripheral: low elaboration, focus on appearance and superficial things

Question 26

What is Social cognitive theory and by what factors is it influenced and how are these factors related?

Answer 26

People form attitudes by observing others’ behaviors directly.
Influenced by Personal factors, behavior, and environment.

All three factors affect each other.
Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation.