Social processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
How are social action and social interaction differ?
social action: 1 person around people
social interaction: 2 or more people interacting with each other
What is Social facilitation? give an example.
better performance on easy tasks, worse performance with complex tasks when other people are present
playing piano better at a concert than by himself
What is Deindividualization? give an example
Anonymity given when in a group/crowd -> identity loss -> may show antinormative behavior.
ex. yelling and showing aggressive behavior as marching with other people
What is Bystander effect? Which 4 factors govern this effect?
Not intervening when others are present for a victim.
1) social etiquette
2) degree of emergency
3) degree of responsibility felt by bystander
4) Cohesiveness to the group
What is Social loafing?
less likely to put effort in a group setting
ex. putting less effort in a group project
What is Peer pressure? and what is the mechanism that can explain peer pressure?
Pressure felt to conform to the norm of the group.
Identity shift effect: shift of identity from self to norm of social group to resolve internal conflict
What is cognitive dissonance and what does it generally lead to in a person? How does one deal with cognitive dissonance?
two thoughts contradicting simultaneously, this generally leads to discomfort, anxiety, fear, aggression.
One may reduce, add to, or change the dissonant thoughts to reduce this discomfort
What is the difference between Group polarization and Group think? What is the similarity?
Difference: Group polarization is going towards extreme decision, and Group think is going towards conforming to the norm of the group ignoring outside ideas to stay loyal to the group
Similarity: One does not necessarily follow what he/she agrees with, and there is a change in one’s attitude towards the subject
What are the differences between Assimilation and Multiculturalism?
Assimilation: one’s culture melting in another group
Multiculturalism: Celebration of coexisting cultures
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
primary: home-learning by family
secondary: outside of home learning
What are some socialization agents?
family, school, peers, religion, media, work, ethnicity, governments, etc
What is socialization?
process of spreading norms, customs and beliefs
What is the difference between Deviance and Stigma?
Deviance: any violation of norms or rules of society
Stigma: extreme disapproval based on perceived differences from society
What is labeling theory and how is this related to Deviance?
theory that states labels will change how people view a person and how he will view himself. Once labeled, one will either change his/her behavior to further down the deviance or conform with the society’s norm
What is Differential association theory?
Deviance is learned through others because they can be deviant or normal based on who they are surrounded by. have bad friends -> turn out bad, good with good.
What is Strain theory?
Deviance is a natural reaction to the disconnection between social goals and structures. Once someone’s social goal is not reached in the social structure, he/she will show deviant behavior such as stealing.
How are Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience different?
Conformity: changing one’s behavior to fit into the social group whether one agrees with it or not. No request present.
Compliance: Change of behavior by a direct request., by nonauthority figure.
Obedience: change of behavior due to the authority figure even when he/she doesn’t agrees.
What is the difference between Internalization and Identification in Conformity?
Internalization: Show agreement and agrees internally
Identification: Show agreement but doesn’t take in internally
Define the techniques used in Compliance. Foot in the door Door in the face Low ball That's not all
Foot-in-the-door technique: small -> big
Door-in-the-face technique: big -> small
Low-ball technique: find out later with bigger commitment
That’s-not-all technique: You’ll lose if not now
What is attitude?
ways in which we perceive others, whether positive or negative.
What are the three components of attitude?
Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
What are the four theories of attitudes and how attitudes form?
Functional attitudes theory
Learning theory
Elaboration likelihood model
Social cognitive theory
What are the four functional areas of functional attitudes theory?
1) knowledge: be able to predict what others will do and behave
(Depending on my attitude, I may gain more knowledge about the things I am encountered with. Show positive attitude toward my new coworkers -> relationship -> more knowledge about them)
2) Ego-expressive: Communicate and solidify identity(I’m korean, so I may show positive attitudes towards korean things)
3) Adaptive: One will be accepted if shows socially acceptable attitudes expressed
(I may show different attitudes towards things that people will also agree)
4) Ego-defensive protects our self-esteem/justify actions for wrongdoing(ex. negative attitude towards a subject I am bad at)
What is Learning theory?
Attitudes are learned from different forms of learning. Touching, listening to parents, watching TV, etc.
What is Elaboration likelihood model? What are the two routes of processing used to explain the elaboration likelihood model? Which is associated with high elaboration?
Way of separating individuals based on their processing of persuasive information
Central: High elaboration, scrutinize details
Peripheral: low elaboration, focus on appearance and superficial things
What is Social cognitive theory and by what factors is it influenced and how are these factors related?
People form attitudes by observing others’ behaviors directly.
Influenced by Personal factors, behavior, and environment.
All three factors affect each other.
Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation.
