Identity and Personality

Question 1

What is the difference between Self-Concept and Identity?

Answer 1

Self concept is the sum of the ways in which we perceive ourselves. Identity is a set of behaviors and labels when in a specific group

Question 2

How are Ethnic and National identity different?

Answer 2

Ethnic identity is given at birth with language, common ancestry, cultural heritage, etc. Nationality is determined by political borders with which culture we identify ourselves with

Question 3

What is Hierarchy of salience and how does this relate to identity?

Answer 3

how identities are organized in that we let situation dictate which identity is more important at the time

Question 4

What are the three components of Self-discrepancy theory? and how do these play a role in our self-esteem?

Answer 4

Actual self: who we are
Ideal self: who we want to be
Ought self: who others want us to be.

The closer these three components are, the higher our self-esteem will be

Question 5

What is Self-efficacy? What happens when we have too much Self-efficacy? too low?

Answer 5

Self-efficacy: Our belief in our ability to succeed in a particular situation(by Bandura).
Too much: Overconfidence
Too low: learned helplessness(ex. 3rd group of dogs not excaping electric shock)

Question 6

How is Self-efficacy related to Self-esteem and locus of control?

Answer 6

Self-efficacy is more specific than Self- esteem, which is respect one has for him/herself
They may be in congruence or opposite.

Locus of control: how one blames either him/herself or outside factors.

Question 7

What is Sigmund Freud’s contribution to personality development?

Answer 7

Psychosexual Development.
Believed that personality is developed based on trying to reduce libido(sex-drive).
Failure at a stage will lead to Fixation at the stage which will lead to personality disorder in the adult stage and express what was failed as a child

Question 8

What is Erikson’s contribution in personality development?

Answer 8

Psychosocial Development, where personality is based on series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands, throughout one’s lifespan

Question 9

What is Kohlberg’s contribution in Cognitive development?

Answer 9

Moral Reasoning. believed that moral reasoning depends on the level of cognitive development, and came up with three stages of morality: Kids -> Adults -> Few adults. 2 levels each stage so 6 levels each

Question 10

What is Vygotsky’s contribution in Cognitive development?

Answer 10

Socio-cultural and biosocial development. Cognitive development is by internalization of cultural rules and through interactions with others as a child

Question 11

What are the stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

Answer 11

Oral stage: Fixation at mouth
- will lead to dependency and/or aggression(Feeding)

Anal stage: Fixation at Anus
- will lead to excessive orderliness or messiness(toilet training)

Phallic(Oedipal) stage: Fixation at Genital
- will lead to homosexuality and exhibitionism, as well as Sexual dysfunction(Oedipus/Electra)

Latency: No Fixation
- Stage where a child learns about social skills, and their libido is sublimated

Genital stage: Fixation at Genital
- will lead to homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism.

Old Aged Parrot Loves Grapes

Question 12

What are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development?

Answer 12

trust vs mistrust - fear/suspicion

Autonomy vs shame&doubt - shame

Initiative vs Guilt - inadequacy

Industry vs Inferiority - Inferiority

Identity vs role confusion - Rebellion

Intimacy vs Isolation - Isolation, Unhappy

Generativity vs Stagnation - Unproductive

Integrity vs despair - dissatisfaction

True Aunt In Industry ID Intimately Generates Integrity

Question 13

How is Erikson’s view on Development differ from Freud’s?

Answer 13

Erikson believed that one can move on to the next stage even if he/she has not mastered previous stage.
Erikson also believed that one’s personality is being developed over the lifespan but Freud thought childhood determines one’s personality

Question 14

Explain Kohlberg’s Moral development. What are the stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning?

Answer 14

People's Moral reasoning becomes more complex as cognitive abilities grow. Used Heinz Dillemma to get people's responses and categorized them into three stages:
1) Preconventional morality(Kids)
- Obedience
- Self-interest
......Rules are absolute

2) Conventional morality(Adult)
- Conformity
- Law and order
…….Rules are for the betterment of greater number of people

3) Postconventional morality(Few Adults)
- Social contract
- Universal human ethics
……..Rules exist for people, and may be broken for higher morals

Question 15

Explain Vygotsky’s Sociocultural development. What concepts is Vygotsky known for?

Answer 15

Social interaction determines cognitive development via Internalization

More knowledgeable other - Usually an adult, who helps the children to successfully gain the skills that are in the Zone of proximal development

Zone of proximal development - skills and abilities that have not yet full developed but are in the process of development. between can and can’t do

Question 16

What is the difference between Imitation and role taking?

Answer 16

Imitation is simply copying another’s behaviors, and role-taking is understanding how each role works in different settings.

Question 17

What is reference group?

Answer 17

Group to which we compare ourselves

Question 18

What is looking-glass self?

Answer 18

Our thinking of How we are perceived by others.

Question 19

What is the difference between the “I” and the “me”

Answer 19

I: Individual identity or personal responses to the society(Me)

Me: How we think other people see us(society view)

Question 20

What is psychoanalytic theory? Who is most noteworthy for this theory?

Answer 20

childhood experiences and ‘unconscious’ desires dictate our personality.
Sigmund Freud.

Question 21

Explain Freud’s topographic model of the mind and what does it consist of?

Answer 21

Iceberg-ish model where unconscious is sinking(large) and conscious is exposed to outside(small).

Id: basic urges to survive and reproduce, develops right after birth, most of unconscious part.

Ego: organizer of mind and acts by reality principle. part of both unconscious and conscious part(small). Balances between Super ego and Id.

Super ego: Ideal self and personality’s perfectionist; focuses on morals taught by the caregiver, total opposite of Id.

Question 22

How are primary process and secondary process different? to which components of the Freudian model does it relate to?

Answer 22

Primary process: id’s response to frustration, trying to obtain satisfaction immediately. Relates to Pleasure principle. This is running the “Id”.

Secondary process: Conscious and logical thinking associated with Reality principle that is controlled by “ego”

Question 23

What is Defense mechanism?

Answer 23

Way of ego to reduce tension between super ego and Id

Question 24

Explain the following defense mechanisms:

1) Repression
2) Regression
3) Suppression
4) Reaction formation
5) Projection
6) Rationalization
7) Displacement
8) Sublimation

Answer 24

Repression: Negative thoughts are being pushed to unconsciously, away from conscious

Regression: Negative feelings are transformed into child-like behaviors such as sucking a thumb

Suppression: Purposefully not thinking about negative things like “i’m not gonna think about it because i dont wanna get stressed out”

Reaction formation: Unconsciously converting suppressed urges to exact opposite like “I hate this celebrity” when he did not do anything to him

Projection: Attributing their undesired feelings to others like “I hate my parents” to “my parents hate me”

Rationalization: Justifying the negative behaviors

Displacement: transferring undesired urge from one to another

Sublimation: transforming unacceptable urges to socially acceptable behaviors

Question 25

Who is Carl Jung and why is he important?

Answer 25

another psychologist contributed to psychoanalytic theory, is known for Jungian Archetypes

Question 26

How is Carl Jung different from Freud?

Answer 26

Carl Jung did not agree with libido being the drive to everything. He also divided unconscious into two categories: personal(same as Freud) and collective(residue of the experiences of the early ancestors that is shared among all humans)

Question 27

What are the Jungian archetypes?

Answer 27

Persona - the aspect of our personality we present to the world
Anima: man’s inner woman
Animus: woman’s inner man
Shadow: unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in our consciousness

Question 28

Who is Alfred Adler and what was his contribution?

Answer 28

Another psychoanalyst who focused on the drive to develop personality is from the urge to become superior than others

Question 29

What is the difference between Humanistic perspective and psychoanalytic perspective toward personality?

Answer 29

Humanists believe that all people have Free-will and can reach for Self-actualization, and personality is determined by our conscious and not “unconscious”, unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
They also believe that all people are good and want to improve.

Question 30

List the 4 Humanists and their contributions

Answer 30

Maslow: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; Peak experience

Lewin: force field theory. Only considered the “present” and how the sum of all the influences that one is experiencing that the time affects personality

Rogers: Unconditional positive regard - Accepting a person unconditionally so he/she can reach self-actualization

Kelly: Personal construct psychology - people construct a scheme of how others will act or behave based on their knowledge, experience, and relationship.

Question 31

What are the Big Five Traits of Personality in Traits?

Answer 31

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 32

Who was Gordon Allport and what was his contribution?

Answer 32

Trait theorist; listed three basic types of trait:

1) Cardinal: traits that one organizes his/her life around. ex. mother theresa –> self-sacrifice
2) Central: traits that are major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer ex. honesty and charisma
3) Secondary trait: traits that only appear in close groups

Question 33

What is Functional anatomy?

Answer 33

major part of Allport’s theory which talks about a behavior continuing despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior

Question 34

Who was Eysenck and what was his contribution?

Answer 34

Trait theorist who came up with PEN model: Psychoticism, Extroversion, and Neuroticism.
Now became the Big Five model.

Question 35

What was the behaviorist perspective on personality? who is a notworthy person?

Answer 35

B.F. Skinner. Stated that Personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time, so focus on learning new skills and changing behaviors through operant conditioning techniques. How environment affects our behavior

Question 36

What was Albert Bandura’s view on personality?

Answer 36

Social cognitive perspective where environment affects our behavior(behaviorist) and our behavior affect the environment as well. – Reciporcal Determinism

Question 37

What is biological perspective of personality?

Answer 37

gene expression in the brain

Question 38

What is the difference between Dispositional and Situational approach?

Answer 38

Dispositional approach: behaviors come from personality

Situational appraoch: behavior comes from environment and context