Identity and Personality Flashcards
What is the difference between Self-Concept and Identity?
Self concept is the sum of the ways in which we perceive ourselves. Identity is a set of behaviors and labels when in a specific group
How are Ethnic and National identity different?
Ethnic identity is given at birth with language, common ancestry, cultural heritage, etc. Nationality is determined by political borders with which culture we identify ourselves with
What is Hierarchy of salience and how does this relate to identity?
how identities are organized in that we let situation dictate which identity is more important at the time
What are the three components of Self-discrepancy theory? and how do these play a role in our self-esteem?
Actual self: who we are
Ideal self: who we want to be
Ought self: who others want us to be.
The closer these three components are, the higher our self-esteem will be
What is Self-efficacy? What happens when we have too much Self-efficacy? too low?
Self-efficacy: Our belief in our ability to succeed in a particular situation(by Bandura).
Too much: Overconfidence
Too low: learned helplessness(ex. 3rd group of dogs not excaping electric shock)
How is Self-efficacy related to Self-esteem and locus of control?
Self-efficacy is more specific than Self- esteem, which is respect one has for him/herself
They may be in congruence or opposite.
Locus of control: how one blames either him/herself or outside factors.
What is Sigmund Freud’s contribution to personality development?
Psychosexual Development.
Believed that personality is developed based on trying to reduce libido(sex-drive).
Failure at a stage will lead to Fixation at the stage which will lead to personality disorder in the adult stage and express what was failed as a child
What is Erikson’s contribution in personality development?
Psychosocial Development, where personality is based on series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands, throughout one’s lifespan
What is Kohlberg’s contribution in Cognitive development?
Moral Reasoning. believed that moral reasoning depends on the level of cognitive development, and came up with three stages of morality: Kids -> Adults -> Few adults. 2 levels each stage so 6 levels each
What is Vygotsky’s contribution in Cognitive development?
Socio-cultural and biosocial development. Cognitive development is by internalization of cultural rules and through interactions with others as a child
What are the stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
Oral stage: Fixation at mouth
- will lead to dependency and/or aggression(Feeding)
Anal stage: Fixation at Anus
- will lead to excessive orderliness or messiness(toilet training)
Phallic(Oedipal) stage: Fixation at Genital
- will lead to homosexuality and exhibitionism, as well as Sexual dysfunction(Oedipus/Electra)
Latency: No Fixation
- Stage where a child learns about social skills, and their libido is sublimated
Genital stage: Fixation at Genital
- will lead to homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism.
Old Aged Parrot Loves Grapes
What are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development?
trust vs mistrust - fear/suspicion
Autonomy vs shame&doubt - shame
Initiative vs Guilt - inadequacy
Industry vs Inferiority - Inferiority
Identity vs role confusion - Rebellion
Intimacy vs Isolation - Isolation, Unhappy
Generativity vs Stagnation - Unproductive
Integrity vs despair - dissatisfaction
True Aunt In Industry ID Intimately Generates Integrity
How is Erikson’s view on Development differ from Freud’s?
Erikson believed that one can move on to the next stage even if he/she has not mastered previous stage.
Erikson also believed that one’s personality is being developed over the lifespan but Freud thought childhood determines one’s personality
Explain Kohlberg’s Moral development. What are the stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning?
People's Moral reasoning becomes more complex as cognitive abilities grow. Used Heinz Dillemma to get people's responses and categorized them into three stages: 1) Preconventional morality(Kids) - Obedience - Self-interest ......Rules are absolute
2) Conventional morality(Adult)
- Conformity
- Law and order
…….Rules are for the betterment of greater number of people
3) Postconventional morality(Few Adults)
- Social contract
- Universal human ethics
……..Rules exist for people, and may be broken for higher morals
Explain Vygotsky’s Sociocultural development. What concepts is Vygotsky known for?
Social interaction determines cognitive development via Internalization
More knowledgeable other - Usually an adult, who helps the children to successfully gain the skills that are in the Zone of proximal development
Zone of proximal development - skills and abilities that have not yet full developed but are in the process of development. between can and can’t do
What is the difference between Imitation and role taking?
Imitation is simply copying another’s behaviors, and role-taking is understanding how each role works in different settings.
What is reference group?
Group to which we compare ourselves
What is looking-glass self?
Our thinking of How we are perceived by others.
What is the difference between the “I” and the “me”
I: Individual identity or personal responses to the society(Me)
Me: How we think other people see us(society view)
What is psychoanalytic theory? Who is most noteworthy for this theory?
childhood experiences and ‘unconscious’ desires dictate our personality.
Sigmund Freud.
Explain Freud’s topographic model of the mind and what does it consist of?
Iceberg-ish model where unconscious is sinking(large) and conscious is exposed to outside(small).
Id: basic urges to survive and reproduce, develops right after birth, most of unconscious part.
Ego: organizer of mind and acts by reality principle. part of both unconscious and conscious part(small). Balances between Super ego and Id.
Super ego: Ideal self and personality’s perfectionist; focuses on morals taught by the caregiver, total opposite of Id.
How are primary process and secondary process different? to which components of the Freudian model does it relate to?
Primary process: id’s response to frustration, trying to obtain satisfaction immediately. Relates to Pleasure principle. This is running the “Id”.
Secondary process: Conscious and logical thinking associated with Reality principle that is controlled by “ego”
What is Defense mechanism?
Way of ego to reduce tension between super ego and Id
Explain the following defense mechanisms:
1) Repression
2) Regression
3) Suppression
4) Reaction formation
5) Projection
6) Rationalization
7) Displacement
8) Sublimation
Repression: Negative thoughts are being pushed to unconsciously, away from conscious
Regression: Negative feelings are transformed into child-like behaviors such as sucking a thumb
Suppression: Purposefully not thinking about negative things like “i’m not gonna think about it because i dont wanna get stressed out”
Reaction formation: Unconsciously converting suppressed urges to exact opposite like “I hate this celebrity” when he did not do anything to him
Projection: Attributing their undesired feelings to others like “I hate my parents” to “my parents hate me”
Rationalization: Justifying the negative behaviors
Displacement: transferring undesired urge from one to another
Sublimation: transforming unacceptable urges to socially acceptable behaviors
Who is Carl Jung and why is he important?
another psychologist contributed to psychoanalytic theory, is known for Jungian Archetypes
How is Carl Jung different from Freud?
Carl Jung did not agree with libido being the drive to everything. He also divided unconscious into two categories: personal(same as Freud) and collective(residue of the experiences of the early ancestors that is shared among all humans)
What are the Jungian archetypes?
Persona - the aspect of our personality we present to the world
Anima: man’s inner woman
Animus: woman’s inner man
Shadow: unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in our consciousness
Who is Alfred Adler and what was his contribution?
Another psychoanalyst who focused on the drive to develop personality is from the urge to become superior than others
What is the difference between Humanistic perspective and psychoanalytic perspective toward personality?
Humanists believe that all people have Free-will and can reach for Self-actualization, and personality is determined by our conscious and not “unconscious”, unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
They also believe that all people are good and want to improve.
List the 4 Humanists and their contributions
Maslow: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; Peak experience
Lewin: force field theory. Only considered the “present” and how the sum of all the influences that one is experiencing that the time affects personality
Rogers: Unconditional positive regard - Accepting a person unconditionally so he/she can reach self-actualization
Kelly: Personal construct psychology - people construct a scheme of how others will act or behave based on their knowledge, experience, and relationship.
What are the Big Five Traits of Personality in Traits?
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Who was Gordon Allport and what was his contribution?
Trait theorist; listed three basic types of trait:
1) Cardinal: traits that one organizes his/her life around. ex. mother theresa –> self-sacrifice
2) Central: traits that are major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer ex. honesty and charisma
3) Secondary trait: traits that only appear in close groups
What is Functional anatomy?
major part of Allport’s theory which talks about a behavior continuing despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior
Who was Eysenck and what was his contribution?
Trait theorist who came up with PEN model: Psychoticism, Extroversion, and Neuroticism.
Now became the Big Five model.
What was the behaviorist perspective on personality? who is a notworthy person?
B.F. Skinner. Stated that Personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time, so focus on learning new skills and changing behaviors through operant conditioning techniques. How environment affects our behavior
What was Albert Bandura’s view on personality?
Social cognitive perspective where environment affects our behavior(behaviorist) and our behavior affect the environment as well. – Reciporcal Determinism
What is biological perspective of personality?
gene expression in the brain
What is the difference between Dispositional and Situational approach?
Dispositional approach: behaviors come from personality
Situational appraoch: behavior comes from environment and context
