Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
What are the primary factors that determine motivation?
instinct, arousal, drive, needs
What are the main four theories based on instinct, arousal, drive, and needs? Explain them.
instinct: instinct theory - driven by evolutionarily programmed instinct
Arousal: Arousal theory - driven to maintain optimal level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson’s law explains different level of arousal is required for level of performance
Drive: Drive-reduction theory - Need creates drives, motivation used to reduce drives. There are Primary(biological) and Secondary(emotional) drives.
Need: Need based theories - 1) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Physiological - Safety - love/belonging - esteem - self-actualization
2) Self-Determination theory: need autonomy, competence, and relatedness
What are Incentive theory? Expectancy-value theory? Opponent-process theory? Sexual motivation theory?
Incentive: motivation based on incentive/avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory: amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is based on one’s expectation of success and value of success
opponent-process theory: motivation based on change in physiology after suing drugs
sexual motivation theory: men and women experience same arousal but women hide more due to cultural values
What effect does opponent-process theory explain when withdrawing from using a drug?
withdrawal symptoms should show the opposite of the effect of the drugs.
Cocaine will cause increased heart rate, euphoria, etc. so withdrawal symptoms should show depressed mood, apathy, slower heart rate
List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in decreasing priority
physiology - safety - love/belonging - esteem - self-actualization
What is limbic system and what does it consist of?
system of brain structures that regulates emotion. HATHippo, prefrontal cortex: Hypothalamus - Amygdala - Thalamus - Hippocampus - prefrontal cortex
What are the three elements of emotion?
physiological response, Behavioral response, Cognitive response
What are the seven universal emotions?
DJ FASSH
DIsgust, Joy, Fear, Anger, Suprise, Sadness, Happiness
What does each part of the limbic system regulate in creating emotions?
Amygdala: attention, fear, interpret facial expressions, emotional memory, anxiety, violence. Detroying it will cause Mellow, similar to alcohol effect
Hippocampus: forms long-term memory from short-term memory.
Thalamus: Relay station; sensory processing station
Hypothalamus: release neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal
Prefrontal cortex: planning, express personality, and make decisions.
What happens when Hippocampus is destroyed?
cannot form new memories but long-term memories from before is intact
Which hemisphere of the brain is responsible for pleasure response?
Left hemisphere. Right hemisphere responsible for negative emotions
What is prefrontal cortext responsible for? What happens when prefrontal cortex is damaged?
responsible for planning, express personality, and make decisions.
Functions of: prefrontal cortex, dorsal prefrontal cortext, ventral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex: planning, express personality, make decisions
dorsal prefrontal cortex: attention and cognition
ventral prefrontal cortex: critical for emotional expression
ventromedial prefrontal cortex: controls emotional response from amygdala, decision making
conscious(explicit) memory and unconscious(implicit) memory difference?
explicit memory: story of event, medial temporal lobe
implicit memory: sensantions of events, amygdala
How is autonomic nervous system related to emotions?
when emotion is experienced, there are physiological changes
James-Lange theory
physiological –> emotion
sweat ————-> anger
Cannon-Bard theory
physiological & emotion —-> behavioral
sweat & anger ———-> hit
Schachter-Singer theory
physiological & appraisal -> emotion
Sweat & car cut —> anger
What are the three theories of emotion?
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter-Singer
How is primary appraisal different from secondary appraisal in stress?
primary appraisal: evaluates to see if it’s a threat or not
secondary appraisal: if threat, then evaluate if can cope with it
general adaptation syndrome? What happens at each stage?
- Alarm stage
- sympathetic NS -> hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal glands -> cortisol -> E and NE - Resistance stage
- continuous release of hormones so sympathetic NS can fight the stressor - Exhaustion stage
- body cannot maintain activated sympathetic NS anymore
Yerkes-Dodson law
varying performance level with varying level of arousal.
high level of arousal = better for physical tast
low level of arousal = better for cognitive task
at extremely high or low level of arousal = poor performance
Drive
uncomfortable internal tension
Cognitive flexibility
ability to understand and reformulate appraches to stress if current one is not working
What is social support?
giving materialistic support
Emotional support
expressing empathy towards another
informational support
giving advice
companionship support
engaging in shared activities with another
When does one experience learned helplessness in terms of self-efficacy, locus of control, and behavioral control?
weak self-efficacy
external locus of control
lacking behavioral control
