Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

What are the primary factors that determine motivation?

Answer 1

instinct, arousal, drive, needs

Question 2

What are the main four theories based on instinct, arousal, drive, and needs? Explain them.

Answer 2

instinct: instinct theory - driven by evolutionarily programmed instinct

Arousal: Arousal theory - driven to maintain optimal level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson’s law explains different level of arousal is required for level of performance

Drive: Drive-reduction theory - Need creates drives, motivation used to reduce drives. There are Primary(biological) and Secondary(emotional) drives.

Need: Need based theories - 1) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Physiological - Safety - love/belonging - esteem - self-actualization
2) Self-Determination theory: need autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 3

What are Incentive theory? Expectancy-value theory? Opponent-process theory? Sexual motivation theory?

Answer 3

Incentive: motivation based on incentive/avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory: amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is based on one’s expectation of success and value of success
opponent-process theory: motivation based on change in physiology after suing drugs
sexual motivation theory: men and women experience same arousal but women hide more due to cultural values

Question 4

What effect does opponent-process theory explain when withdrawing from using a drug?

Answer 4

withdrawal symptoms should show the opposite of the effect of the drugs.
Cocaine will cause increased heart rate, euphoria, etc. so withdrawal symptoms should show depressed mood, apathy, slower heart rate

Question 5

List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in decreasing priority

Answer 5

physiology - safety - love/belonging - esteem - self-actualization

Question 6

What is limbic system and what does it consist of?

Answer 6

system of brain structures that regulates emotion. HATHippo, prefrontal cortex: Hypothalamus - Amygdala - Thalamus - Hippocampus - prefrontal cortex

Question 7

What are the three elements of emotion?

Answer 7

physiological response, Behavioral response, Cognitive response

Question 8

What are the seven universal emotions?

Answer 8

DJ FASSH

DIsgust, Joy, Fear, Anger, Suprise, Sadness, Happiness

Question 9

What does each part of the limbic system regulate in creating emotions?

Answer 9

Amygdala: attention, fear, interpret facial expressions, emotional memory, anxiety, violence. Detroying it will cause Mellow, similar to alcohol effect

Hippocampus: forms long-term memory from short-term memory.

Thalamus: Relay station; sensory processing station

Hypothalamus: release neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Prefrontal cortex: planning, express personality, and make decisions.

Question 10

What happens when Hippocampus is destroyed?

Answer 10

cannot form new memories but long-term memories from before is intact

Question 11

Which hemisphere of the brain is responsible for pleasure response?

Answer 11

Left hemisphere. Right hemisphere responsible for negative emotions

Question 12

What is prefrontal cortext responsible for? What happens when prefrontal cortex is damaged?

Answer 12

responsible for planning, express personality, and make decisions.

Question 13

Functions of: prefrontal cortex, dorsal prefrontal cortext, ventral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

prefrontal cortex: planning, express personality, make decisions

dorsal prefrontal cortex: attention and cognition

ventral prefrontal cortex: critical for emotional expression

ventromedial prefrontal cortex: controls emotional response from amygdala, decision making

Question 14

conscious(explicit) memory and unconscious(implicit) memory difference?

Answer 14

explicit memory: story of event, medial temporal lobe

implicit memory: sensantions of events, amygdala

Question 15

How is autonomic nervous system related to emotions?

Answer 15

when emotion is experienced, there are physiological changes

Question 16

James-Lange theory

Answer 16

physiological –> emotion

sweat ————-> anger

Question 17

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 17

physiological & emotion —-> behavioral

sweat & anger ———-> hit

Question 18

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 18

physiological & appraisal -> emotion

Sweat & car cut —> anger

Question 19

What are the three theories of emotion?

Answer 19

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter-Singer

Question 20

How is primary appraisal different from secondary appraisal in stress?

Answer 20

primary appraisal: evaluates to see if it’s a threat or not

secondary appraisal: if threat, then evaluate if can cope with it

Question 21

general adaptation syndrome? What happens at each stage?

Answer 21

1. Alarm stage
   - sympathetic NS -> hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal glands -> cortisol -> E and NE
2. Resistance stage
   - continuous release of hormones so sympathetic NS can fight the stressor
3. Exhaustion stage
   - body cannot maintain activated sympathetic NS anymore

Question 22

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 22

varying performance level with varying level of arousal.
high level of arousal = better for physical tast
low level of arousal = better for cognitive task
at extremely high or low level of arousal = poor performance

Question 23

Drive

Answer 23

uncomfortable internal tension

Question 24

Cognitive flexibility

Answer 24

ability to understand and reformulate appraches to stress if current one is not working

Question 25

What is social support?

Answer 25

giving materialistic support

Question 26

Emotional support

Answer 26

expressing empathy towards another

Question 27

informational support

Answer 27

giving advice

Question 28

companionship support

Answer 28

engaging in shared activities with another

Question 29

When does one experience learned helplessness in terms of self-efficacy, locus of control, and behavioral control?

Answer 29

weak self-efficacy
external locus of control
lacking behavioral control