Learning and memory Flashcards
1
Q
habituation
A
Decrease in response after repeated stimulus
2
Q
dishabituation
A
Recovery of response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.
3
Q
associative learning
A
creating association between 2 stimuli or behavior and response
4
Q
types of associative learning
A
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
5
Q
Classical conditioning
A
Taking advantage of biological, instinctual responses
6
Q
unconditioned stimuli
A
any stimulus that brings reflexive response such as loud noise, smell of food, sexy woman, etc
7
Q
unconditioned response
A
innate/reflexive response
8
Q
neutral stimuli
A
stimuli that do not produce any reflexive response
9
Q
Pavlov’s experiment
A
Associating Neutral stimulus(bell) and Unconditioned stimulus(food) to create unconditioned response to conditioned response
10
Q
Conditioned stimulus
A
a normally neutral stimulus that causes reflexive response via association
11
Q
Conditioned response
A
response to Conditioned stimulus
12
Q
Acquisition
A
creating association between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli to create conditioned response
13
Q
Extinction
A
loss of response to conditioned stimulus after not being presented with an unconditioned stimulus, via habituation
14
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
A
Weak conditioned response showing after extinct conditioned stimulus presented again
15
Q
Generalization
A
Broadening effect of stimulus, by using similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus
16
Q
Discrimination
A
opposite of Generalization; distinguishing between similar stimulus
17
Q
Operant conditioning
A
Type of associative learning; behavior is changed via use of consequences(reward/punishment)
18
Q
Reinforcement
A
increase likelihood of a behavior
19
Q
Punishment
A
decrease likelihood of a behavior
20
Q
Positive reinforcer
A
increase behavior with incentives ex. money
21
Q
Negative reinforcer
A
increase behavior by removing unpleasant obstacles
22
Q
Positive punishment
A
decrease likelihood of the behavior by unpleasant consequence(Direct)
23
Q
Negative punishment
A
decrease likelihood of the behavior by taking away something that a subject likes
24
Q
Escape learning
A
type of negative reinforcer; reduce unpleasantness that is currently happening by doing a behavior. ex) taking ASA for HA
25
Avoidance learning
Type of negative reinforcer; preventing unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen ex) studying for the mcat to avoid poor score
26
Primary reinforcer
incentive that is acting as a uncondtioned stimulus to provoke reflexive response and increasing the likelihood of behavior
27
Secondary reinforcer
aka Conditioned reinforcer; neutral stimulus that can increase the likelihood of behavior
28
What are the different types of Reinforcement schedule?
fixed or variable + ratio or interval
29
Fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement given after a specific number of the desired behavior
30
Variable ratio schedule
reinforcement after a varying number of performances of the behavior
31
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcement every certain time frame passed
32
Variable interval schedule
reinforcement with varying time frame passed
33
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most effective?
Variable ratio most effective and resistant to extinction
34
Continuous reinforcement
behavior rewarded every time
35
Latent learning
learning that is demonstrated when incentive is introduced
36
Problem solving
understand the situation first and avoiding trial-and-error
37
Preparedness
explains why certain associations are learned more readily than others; due to predisposition
38
Instinctive drift
difficulty in overcoming the instinctual behaviors for associative learning ex. training raccoons
39
Observational learning
learning after watching others
40
Bobo doll experiment
By Albert Bandura; kids who watched adults showing aggressive behaviors to the Bobo doll were more likely to show the same thing. Also used to avoid ceratin behaviors by showing them the adults get scolded.
41
Mirror neurons
located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
fire both when one performs an action and that person observes someone else perform the same action
42
Modeling
how kids learn what to do from what their parents DO, not SAY
43
What is the difference between automatic processing and controlled processing?
automatic: information gathered without effort. normally involved with simple repetitive tasks
controlled: information gathered with effort, usually involved with new complex tasks
44
Encoding
putting new information into memory
45
Explain what: Visual encoding, Acoustic encoding, Semantic encoding
Visual encoding: memorizing in visual pictures
Acoustic encoding: memorizing how it sounds
Semantic encoding: put it into meaningful context
46
Self-reference effect
recalling information easily as we put it into the context of our own lives
47
Maintenance rehearsal
repeating a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory
48
chunking
grouping together
49
Method of loci
associating items to be memorized with a location
50
Peg-word
associating numbers with items that rhyme or resemble the numbers
51
Sensory memory
involves both Iconic(visual) memory and Echoic(Auditory) memory, that lasts very short time. Occipital lobe(visual) and Temporal lobe(hearing)
52
Whole report
listing all of the letters one sees
53
Partial-report
listing the letters of a particular row
54
Short-term memory
duration is short, with a limit of 7 +/- rule. housed primarily in hippocampus
55
Working memory
Integrate short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate the information --> math questions
housed by hippocampus
56
Long-term memory
Short-term memory becomes long-term memory with enough rehearsal. primarily housed by hippocampus but memories move to cerebral cortex eventually
57
Elaborative rehearsal
assocaiting info to our stored knowledge --> effective in converting short-term memory to long-term memory
58
Implicit memory
part of long-term memory. memories that do not require conscious recall. includes procedural memory(skills)
59
Explicit memory
part of long-term memory. memories that require conscious recall(includes declarative memory)
60
Episodic memory
events, experiences
61
Semantic memory
facts, concepts
62
Retrieval
demonstrating something has been learned has been retained
63
Recall
retrieval and statement of previously learned information
64
Recognition
process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned, easier than recall
65
Relearning
another way of demonstrating that info has been stored in long-term memory because relearning the same concept is easier
66
Spacing effect
longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the info later on
67
Semantic network
concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
68
Spreading activation
process where activation of just one node of semantic network is enough to activate other linked concepts
ex) color red -> stop sign -> fire truck -> fire -> apple
69
Priming
retrieval cue where recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory
70
Context effects
tendency that info is better recalled in the same context as it was encoded
71
State-dependent memory
retrieval cue in which scoring better if one is in the same state as when he/she was learning
72
Serial position effect
retrieval cue that shows tendency of people remembering better of the beginning and the end of a list, and medium the worst
73
Primary effect
tendency to remember early items
74
Recency effect
tendency to remember later items
75
How is recency effect related to short-term memory?
after some time, people still remembered the beginning of the list but the recent items not. this is because later items were temporarily stored as short-term memory and fades with time
76
Alzheimer's disease
degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of ACh in neurons that link to the hippocampus although its exact causes are not well understood. Dementia and memory loss with atrophy of the brain are the characteristics
77
Dementia
loss of cognitive function
78
Neurofibrillary tangles and Beta-amyloid plaques
microscopic findings of Alzheimers
79
Sundowning
increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening
80
Korsachoff's syndrome
memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain; retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, confabulation
81
retrograde amnesia
loss of previously formed memories
82
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
83
Confabulation
process of creating vivid but fabricated memories in an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories
84
Agnosia
loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
85
Explain Ebbinghaus' "curve of forgetting"
decay of memory occurs naturally too and not just from disorder; ability to recall information learned falls sharply in 1-2 days, but leveled off after that
86
Interference
retrieval error caused by the existence of other information(usually similar)
87
Proactive interference
old info interfering with new info
| ex. keep remembering old house address instead of the new house address
88
Retroactive interference
new info causes forgetting of old information
| ex. teacher learning new students every year and forgetting previous year students' names
89
prospective memory
remembering to perform a task at some point in the future, is mostly intact with event but not time
90
Misinformation effect
depending on the outside information and/or use of words, information may be memorized differently
91
Source monitoring error
involves confusion between episodic and semantic memory
92
Neuroplasticity
Development of brain based on the external stimuli;
mice raised in normal social setting and just by itself has different brains, and when put in the normal social setting, the loner mice able to develop normal brain
93
Synaptic pruning
Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered as we develop
94
long-term potentiation
strengthening neurons to make it more efficient to respond to a particular stimulus --> bais of long-term memory
95
Which phenomenon is shown in both fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules and a mouse is trained to press a lever to obtain food?
pressing the level slowly at first but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches
96
What phenomenon is observed to the rat when reinforcement is given at variable-ratio schedule?
high freq of constant behavior(pushing lever)
97
what phenomenon is observed to the rat when reinforcement is given at variable interval?
low freq of seldom behavior(pushing lever)
98
Encoding specificity
belief that info is better retrieved when environmental cues during retrieval is the same as encoding
