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Sociology > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

habituation

A

Decrease in response after repeated stimulus

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2
Q

dishabituation

A

Recovery of response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.

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3
Q

associative learning

A

creating association between 2 stimuli or behavior and response

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4
Q

types of associative learning

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Taking advantage of biological, instinctual responses

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6
Q

unconditioned stimuli

A

any stimulus that brings reflexive response such as loud noise, smell of food, sexy woman, etc

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7
Q

unconditioned response

A

innate/reflexive response

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8
Q

neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that do not produce any reflexive response

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9
Q

Pavlov’s experiment

A

Associating Neutral stimulus(bell) and Unconditioned stimulus(food) to create unconditioned response to conditioned response

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

a normally neutral stimulus that causes reflexive response via association

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11
Q

Conditioned response

A

response to Conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

creating association between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli to create conditioned response

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13
Q

Extinction

A

loss of response to conditioned stimulus after not being presented with an unconditioned stimulus, via habituation

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14
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Weak conditioned response showing after extinct conditioned stimulus presented again

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15
Q

Generalization

A

Broadening effect of stimulus, by using similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

opposite of Generalization; distinguishing between similar stimulus

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of associative learning; behavior is changed via use of consequences(reward/punishment)

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18
Q

Reinforcement

A

increase likelihood of a behavior

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19
Q

Punishment

A

decrease likelihood of a behavior

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20
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

increase behavior with incentives ex. money

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21
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

increase behavior by removing unpleasant obstacles

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22
Q

Positive punishment

A

decrease likelihood of the behavior by unpleasant consequence(Direct)

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23
Q

Negative punishment

A

decrease likelihood of the behavior by taking away something that a subject likes

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24
Q

Escape learning

A

type of negative reinforcer; reduce unpleasantness that is currently happening by doing a behavior. ex) taking ASA for HA

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25
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Type of negative reinforcer; preventing unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen ex) studying for the mcat to avoid poor score

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26
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

incentive that is acting as a uncondtioned stimulus to provoke reflexive response and increasing the likelihood of behavior

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27
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

aka Conditioned reinforcer; neutral stimulus that can increase the likelihood of behavior

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28
Q

What are the different types of Reinforcement schedule?

A

fixed or variable + ratio or interval

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29
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement given after a specific number of the desired behavior

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30
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcement after a varying number of performances of the behavior

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31
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement every certain time frame passed

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32
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

reinforcement with varying time frame passed

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33
Q

Which type of reinforcement schedule is most effective?

A

Variable ratio most effective and resistant to extinction

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34
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

behavior rewarded every time

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35
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that is demonstrated when incentive is introduced

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36
Q

Problem solving

A

understand the situation first and avoiding trial-and-error

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37
Q

Preparedness

A

explains why certain associations are learned more readily than others; due to predisposition

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38
Q

Instinctive drift

A

difficulty in overcoming the instinctual behaviors for associative learning ex. training raccoons

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39
Q

Observational learning

A

learning after watching others

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40
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

By Albert Bandura; kids who watched adults showing aggressive behaviors to the Bobo doll were more likely to show the same thing. Also used to avoid ceratin behaviors by showing them the adults get scolded.

41
Q

Mirror neurons

A

located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
fire both when one performs an action and that person observes someone else perform the same action

42
Q

Modeling

A

how kids learn what to do from what their parents DO, not SAY

43
Q

What is the difference between automatic processing and controlled processing?

A

automatic: information gathered without effort. normally involved with simple repetitive tasks
controlled: information gathered with effort, usually involved with new complex tasks

44
Q

Encoding

A

putting new information into memory

45
Q

Explain what: Visual encoding, Acoustic encoding, Semantic encoding

A

Visual encoding: memorizing in visual pictures
Acoustic encoding: memorizing how it sounds
Semantic encoding: put it into meaningful context

46
Q

Self-reference effect

A

recalling information easily as we put it into the context of our own lives

47
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory

48
Q

chunking

A

grouping together

49
Q

Method of loci

A

associating items to be memorized with a location

50
Q

Peg-word

A

associating numbers with items that rhyme or resemble the numbers

51
Q

Sensory memory

A

involves both Iconic(visual) memory and Echoic(Auditory) memory, that lasts very short time. Occipital lobe(visual) and Temporal lobe(hearing)

52
Q

Whole report

A

listing all of the letters one sees

53
Q

Partial-report

A

listing the letters of a particular row

54
Q

Short-term memory

A

duration is short, with a limit of 7 +/- rule. housed primarily in hippocampus

55
Q

Working memory

A

Integrate short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate the information –> math questions
housed by hippocampus

56
Q

Long-term memory

A

Short-term memory becomes long-term memory with enough rehearsal. primarily housed by hippocampus but memories move to cerebral cortex eventually

57
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

assocaiting info to our stored knowledge –> effective in converting short-term memory to long-term memory

58
Q

Implicit memory

A

part of long-term memory. memories that do not require conscious recall. includes procedural memory(skills)

59
Q

Explicit memory

A

part of long-term memory. memories that require conscious recall(includes declarative memory)

60
Q

Episodic memory

A

events, experiences

61
Q

Semantic memory

A

facts, concepts

62
Q

Retrieval

A

demonstrating something has been learned has been retained

63
Q

Recall

A

retrieval and statement of previously learned information

64
Q

Recognition

A

process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned, easier than recall

65
Q

Relearning

A

another way of demonstrating that info has been stored in long-term memory because relearning the same concept is easier

66
Q

Spacing effect

A

longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the info later on

67
Q

Semantic network

A

concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

68
Q

Spreading activation

A

process where activation of just one node of semantic network is enough to activate other linked concepts
ex) color red -> stop sign -> fire truck -> fire -> apple

69
Q

Priming

A

retrieval cue where recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

70
Q

Context effects

A

tendency that info is better recalled in the same context as it was encoded

71
Q

State-dependent memory

A

retrieval cue in which scoring better if one is in the same state as when he/she was learning

72
Q

Serial position effect

A

retrieval cue that shows tendency of people remembering better of the beginning and the end of a list, and medium the worst

73
Q

Primary effect

A

tendency to remember early items

74
Q

Recency effect

A

tendency to remember later items

75
Q

How is recency effect related to short-term memory?

A

after some time, people still remembered the beginning of the list but the recent items not. this is because later items were temporarily stored as short-term memory and fades with time

76
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of ACh in neurons that link to the hippocampus although its exact causes are not well understood. Dementia and memory loss with atrophy of the brain are the characteristics

77
Q

Dementia

A

loss of cognitive function

78
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles and Beta-amyloid plaques

A

microscopic findings of Alzheimers

79
Q

Sundowning

A

increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

80
Q

Korsachoff’s syndrome

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain; retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, confabulation

81
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of previously formed memories

82
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

83
Q

Confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories in an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories

84
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

85
Q

Explain Ebbinghaus’ “curve of forgetting”

A

decay of memory occurs naturally too and not just from disorder; ability to recall information learned falls sharply in 1-2 days, but leveled off after that

86
Q

Interference

A

retrieval error caused by the existence of other information(usually similar)

87
Q

Proactive interference

A

old info interfering with new info

ex. keep remembering old house address instead of the new house address

88
Q

Retroactive interference

A

new info causes forgetting of old information

ex. teacher learning new students every year and forgetting previous year students’ names

89
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future, is mostly intact with event but not time

90
Q

Misinformation effect

A

depending on the outside information and/or use of words, information may be memorized differently

91
Q

Source monitoring error

A

involves confusion between episodic and semantic memory

92
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Development of brain based on the external stimuli;
mice raised in normal social setting and just by itself has different brains, and when put in the normal social setting, the loner mice able to develop normal brain

93
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered as we develop

94
Q

long-term potentiation

A

strengthening neurons to make it more efficient to respond to a particular stimulus –> bais of long-term memory

95
Q

Which phenomenon is shown in both fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules and a mouse is trained to press a lever to obtain food?

A

pressing the level slowly at first but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches

96
Q

What phenomenon is observed to the rat when reinforcement is given at variable-ratio schedule?

A

high freq of constant behavior(pushing lever)

97
Q

what phenomenon is observed to the rat when reinforcement is given at variable interval?

A

low freq of seldom behavior(pushing lever)

98
Q

Encoding specificity

A

belief that info is better retrieved when environmental cues during retrieval is the same as encoding

Sociology (12 decks)

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