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Sociology > Cognition, Consciousness, Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, Language Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

how brain processes and reacts to information

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2
Q

Information Processing model

A

how brain encodes, sotres, and retrieves information like a computer

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3
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems in life. Physical mastery comes first then abstract thinking developes with age

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4
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor - manipulation of the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions

Preoperational - Symbolic thinking, Egocentrism, and Centration

Concrete operational
Formal operational

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5
Q

Circular reactions(primary and secondary)

A

repetitive movement that a child shows to meet his/her needs

primary: repetition of the body movement that was originally from a chance
ex. sucking thumb
secondary: manipulation is focused on something outside the body ex. throwing toys

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6
Q

Object permanence

A

idea that an object does not disappear because it is out of sight. This idea ends the sensorimotor stage and begins the representational thought

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7
Q

Representational though

A

able to create mental representations of external objects and event

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8
Q

Preoperational stage

A

characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

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9
Q

symbolic thinking

A

ability to pretend, have imagination, make-believe

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10
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another feels or thinks

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11
Q

centration:

A

tendency to focus only one aspect of a phenomenon, can’t understand conservation, or inability to understand the concept of conservation.

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12
Q

Conservation

A

ability to think that change of form will not change the quantity

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13
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

logical thinking, understands conversations, consider perspectives of others. No abstract thinking

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14
Q

Formal operational stage

A

logical thinking with abstract ideas

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15
Q

How did Piaget explain learning in infants?

A

infants learn from observing and experiencing, with adaptation. As an infant learns new information, he/she can use either assimilation or accommodation to classify it in a new schemata

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16
Q

how is schema related to assimilation and accommodation?

A 
Schema is a way for us to classify new information.
Assimilation: placing new info in previously constructed schemas(same schema)
Accommodation: modifying previously constructed schemas or create a new schema to take in the new info(change or create)
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17
Q

What are the 4 types of problems solving?

A

Trial-and-error
Algorithms
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

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18
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems with similar ways

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19
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in nontraditional matter

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20
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

derive conclusions from general rules

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21
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

derive generalizations from evidence

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22
Q

Heuristic

A

Shortcuts or rules or thumb tused to make decisions

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23
Q

Biases

A

Exist when an experiemented odecision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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24
Q

Intuition

A

“Gut feeling” regarding a particular decision. Can often be attributed to experience with similar situations

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25
Availability heuristic
used when try to decide how likley something is, based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
26
Representativeness heuristic
Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit stereotypical image
27
Base rate fallacy
Using stereotypical and prototypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information`
28
Disconfirmation principle
evidence obtained from testing demonstrates that the solution does not work
29
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on info that fits an individual's belief, while rejecting info that goes against them
30
Overconfidence
tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefes as infallible
31
Belief perseverence
inabilitiy to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
32
Recognition-primed decision model
based on experience, make decision
33
Multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory; Linguistic, Logical, musical, visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
34
Consciousness
level of awareness of both the world and one's won existence within the world
35
Alertness
state of consciousness where we are awake and able to think. cortisol level higher
36
What are the stages of sleep and how do they differ?
Stage1: light sleep, theta wave Stage2: Deeper sleeps, theta waves, Sleep spindles, and K complexes Stage3 and 4: Deep(slow wave) sleep; Delta waves
37
Electroencephalogram(EEG)
brain activity monitoring
38
In which states do we see beta wave, alpha wave, theta wave, and delta waves?
``` Beta wave: Awake Alpha wave: Relaxed/awake Theta: light and deeper sleep Delta: Very deep sleep BAT-D ```
39
Which sleep stages are under Non-Rapid Eye Movement(NREM)
Stages 1-4 are all part of NREM
40
What is Rapid-Eye Movement sleep(REM sleep)? Which waves is seen?
Sleep where the EEG mimics wakefulness but the individual is actually asleep. REM is interspersed throughout stages 1-4. Mostly beta waves
41
Sleep cycle
approx: 90 minutes in adults Normal: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM
42
What happens when SWS(Slow wave sleep, or stage 3,4sleep) and REM are disrupted?
They are in charge of consolidating memories. so disruption of these sleeps will result in diminished memory
43
Melatonin
released by pineal gland, causes sleepiness
44
Cortisol
released by adrenal cortex, helps with wakefulness
45
Activation-Synthesis theory
theory of explanation of dreams: Dream is caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry, stitch together memories, desires, sensory info, etc
46
Cognitive process dream theory
merely the sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness.
47
Problem-solving dream theory
dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping
48
Dyssomnia
disorders about sleep quality
49
Parasomnias
disorders while one is sleeping
50
Insomnias
inability to sleep
51
Narcolepsy
involuntarily sleep
52
Sleep apnea
inability to breathe while sleep
53
Sleep deprivation
lack of sleep
54
Night terrors
anxiety during sleep
55
Sleepwalking, or Somnambulism
action while sleep
56
What are the depressants?(3)
Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
57
What are the stimulants(3)?
Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstasy(MDMA)
58
Alcohol
Increases GABA activity Increases Dopamine level, causing a sense of mild euphoria logical skills and motor skills are affected
59
Barbiturates
Historically used as anxiety-reducing and sleep medications. Increase GABA
60
Benzodiazepines
Replaced Barbiturates, Less prone to addiction. Increase GABA
61
Amphetamine
Increase dopamine, NE, Serotonin, Increased heart rate, blood pressure, euphoria, anxiety
62
Cocaine
Decreases uptake of dopamine, NE, Serotonin
63
Ecstasy
causes increased heart rate, bp, sweating, blurry vision, nausea, hyperthermia, euphoria
64
What are the Opiates(3)?
Heroin, Morphine, Opium, oxycodone and hydrocodone
65
What are the Hallucinogens?
ex includes LSD. | Probably works with serotonin in complicated mechanisms
66
What is the chemical in Marijuana and what does it do?
THC; decrease GABA and this indirectly increases Dopamine
67
Which drugs and drug classes increases dopamine?
Alcohol, Barbiturate, Benzodiazepines, Amphetamine, Cocaine, Ecstasy, Marijuana
68
What is Drug addiction mediated by? Which neurotrasmitter is involved?
Mesolimbic pathway: NAc, VTA, and MFB. Activation of the pathway involves positive reinforcement of substance use. Dopamine
69
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
deficiency of thiamine causing severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills
70
Selective attention
Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention ex. cocktail party phenomenon
71
Divided attention
Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
72
Phonology
Actual sound of speech
73
Morphology
Building block of words, such as rules for pluralization, past tense, etc
74
Semantics
Meaning of words
75
Syntax
Rules of dictating word order
76
Pragmatics
Changes in language delivery depending on context
77
What are the different theories about Language development(3)?
Nativist(biological theory) Learning(behaviorist) theory Social Interactionist theory
78
Nativist theory
language acquisition is innate, and we use Language Acquisition Device(LAD) to absorb language rules
79
Learning theory
Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
80
Social Interactionist theory
Language acquisition is driven by motivation of a child to communicate with people
81
How did Whorf use Whorfian hypothesis to explain the way language affects our cognition?
Whorfian hypothesis - linguistic relativity hypothesis, states that the perception of reality is determined by the content of language. How different countries have different words for the same thing and leads to different perception of the world
82
What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's area: controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex Wernicke's area: language comprehension
83
What is the difference betweeen Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's Aphasia?
Broca's Aphasia: Reduced ability to speak but retaining speech comprehension Wernicke's Aphasia: Intact ability to speak but reduced ability to speak in comprehensive manner. patient speaks fluently but in a weird combinations of words, but he/she still understands what he/she is saying
84
Arcruate Fasciculus
Connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area. Damage results in Conduction aphasia, marked by the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
85
Conduction aphasia
Inability to repeat words despite intact comprehension and ability to speak

Sociology (12 decks)

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