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Sociology > Cognition, Consciousness, Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, Language Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cognition

A

how brain processes and reacts to information

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2
Q

Information Processing model

A

how brain encodes, sotres, and retrieves information like a computer

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3
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems in life. Physical mastery comes first then abstract thinking developes with age

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4
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor - manipulation of the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions

Preoperational - Symbolic thinking, Egocentrism, and Centration

Concrete operational
Formal operational

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5
Q

Circular reactions(primary and secondary)

A

repetitive movement that a child shows to meet his/her needs

primary: repetition of the body movement that was originally from a chance
ex. sucking thumb
secondary: manipulation is focused on something outside the body ex. throwing toys

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6
Q

Object permanence

A

idea that an object does not disappear because it is out of sight. This idea ends the sensorimotor stage and begins the representational thought

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7
Q

Representational though

A

able to create mental representations of external objects and event

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8
Q

Preoperational stage

A

characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

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9
Q

symbolic thinking

A

ability to pretend, have imagination, make-believe

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10
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another feels or thinks

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11
Q

centration:

A

tendency to focus only one aspect of a phenomenon, can’t understand conservation, or inability to understand the concept of conservation.

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12
Q

Conservation

A

ability to think that change of form will not change the quantity

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13
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

logical thinking, understands conversations, consider perspectives of others. No abstract thinking

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14
Q

Formal operational stage

A

logical thinking with abstract ideas

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15
Q

How did Piaget explain learning in infants?

A

infants learn from observing and experiencing, with adaptation. As an infant learns new information, he/she can use either assimilation or accommodation to classify it in a new schemata

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16
Q

how is schema related to assimilation and accommodation?

A 
Schema is a way for us to classify new information.
Assimilation: placing new info in previously constructed schemas(same schema)
Accommodation: modifying previously constructed schemas or create a new schema to take in the new info(change or create)
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17
Q

What are the 4 types of problems solving?

A

Trial-and-error
Algorithms
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

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18
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems with similar ways

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19
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in nontraditional matter

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20
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

derive conclusions from general rules

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21
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

derive generalizations from evidence

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22
Q

Heuristic

A

Shortcuts or rules or thumb tused to make decisions

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23
Q

Biases

A

Exist when an experiemented odecision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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24
Q

Intuition

A

“Gut feeling” regarding a particular decision. Can often be attributed to experience with similar situations

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25
Q

Availability heuristic

A

used when try to decide how likley something is, based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

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26
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit stereotypical image

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27
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Using stereotypical and prototypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information`

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28
Q

Disconfirmation principle

A

evidence obtained from testing demonstrates that the solution does not work

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29
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on info that fits an individual’s belief, while rejecting info that goes against them

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30
Q

Overconfidence

A

tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefes as infallible

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31
Q

Belief perseverence

A

inabilitiy to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

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32
Q

Recognition-primed decision model

A

based on experience, make decision

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33
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

Howard Gardner’s theory; Linguistic, Logical, musical, visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

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34
Q

Consciousness

A

level of awareness of both the world and one’s won existence within the world

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35
Q

Alertness

A

state of consciousness where we are awake and able to think. cortisol level higher

36
Q

What are the stages of sleep and how do they differ?

A

Stage1: light sleep, theta wave
Stage2: Deeper sleeps, theta waves, Sleep spindles, and K complexes
Stage3 and 4: Deep(slow wave) sleep; Delta waves

37
Q

Electroencephalogram(EEG)

A

brain activity monitoring

38
Q

In which states do we see beta wave, alpha wave, theta wave, and delta waves?

A 
Beta wave: Awake
Alpha wave: Relaxed/awake
Theta: light and deeper sleep
Delta: Very deep sleep
BAT-D
39
Q

Which sleep stages are under Non-Rapid Eye Movement(NREM)

A

Stages 1-4 are all part of NREM

40
Q

What is Rapid-Eye Movement sleep(REM sleep)? Which waves is seen?

A

Sleep where the EEG mimics wakefulness but the individual is actually asleep. REM is interspersed throughout stages 1-4.
Mostly beta waves

41
Q

Sleep cycle

A

approx: 90 minutes in adults
Normal: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM

42
Q

What happens when SWS(Slow wave sleep, or stage 3,4sleep) and REM are disrupted?

A

They are in charge of consolidating memories. so disruption of these sleeps will result in diminished memory

43
Q

Melatonin

A

released by pineal gland, causes sleepiness

44
Q

Cortisol

A

released by adrenal cortex, helps with wakefulness

45
Q

Activation-Synthesis theory

A

theory of explanation of dreams: Dream is caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry, stitch together memories, desires, sensory info, etc

46
Q

Cognitive process dream theory

A

merely the sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness.

47
Q

Problem-solving dream theory

A

dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping

48
Q

Dyssomnia

A

disorders about sleep quality

49
Q

Parasomnias

A

disorders while one is sleeping

50
Q

Insomnias

A

inability to sleep

51
Q

Narcolepsy

A

involuntarily sleep

52
Q

Sleep apnea

A

inability to breathe while sleep

53
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

lack of sleep

54
Q

Night terrors

A

anxiety during sleep

55
Q

Sleepwalking, or Somnambulism

A

action while sleep

56
Q

What are the depressants?(3)

A

Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines

57
Q

What are the stimulants(3)?

A

Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstasy(MDMA)

58
Q

Alcohol

A

Increases GABA activity
Increases Dopamine level, causing a sense of mild euphoria
logical skills and motor skills are affected

59
Q

Barbiturates

A

Historically used as anxiety-reducing and sleep medications. Increase GABA

60
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Replaced Barbiturates, Less prone to addiction. Increase GABA

61
Q

Amphetamine

A

Increase dopamine, NE, Serotonin, Increased heart rate, blood pressure, euphoria, anxiety

62
Q

Cocaine

A

Decreases uptake of dopamine, NE, Serotonin

63
Q

Ecstasy

A

causes increased heart rate, bp, sweating, blurry vision, nausea, hyperthermia, euphoria

64
Q

What are the Opiates(3)?

A

Heroin, Morphine, Opium, oxycodone and hydrocodone

65
Q

What are the Hallucinogens?

A

ex includes LSD.

Probably works with serotonin in complicated mechanisms

66
Q

What is the chemical in Marijuana and what does it do?

A

THC; decrease GABA and this indirectly increases Dopamine

67
Q

Which drugs and drug classes increases dopamine?

A

Alcohol, Barbiturate, Benzodiazepines, Amphetamine, Cocaine, Ecstasy, Marijuana

68
Q

What is Drug addiction mediated by? Which neurotrasmitter is involved?

A

Mesolimbic pathway: NAc, VTA, and MFB. Activation of the pathway involves positive reinforcement of substance use. Dopamine

69
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

deficiency of thiamine causing severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills

70
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention ex. cocktail party phenomenon

71
Q

Divided attention

A

Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

72
Q

Phonology

A

Actual sound of speech

73
Q

Morphology

A

Building block of words, such as rules for pluralization, past tense, etc

74
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words

75
Q

Syntax

A

Rules of dictating word order

76
Q

Pragmatics

A

Changes in language delivery depending on context

77
Q

What are the different theories about Language development(3)?

A

Nativist(biological theory)
Learning(behaviorist) theory
Social Interactionist theory

78
Q

Nativist theory

A

language acquisition is innate, and we use Language Acquisition Device(LAD) to absorb language rules

79
Q

Learning theory

A

Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

80
Q

Social Interactionist theory

A

Language acquisition is driven by motivation of a child to communicate with people

81
Q

How did Whorf use Whorfian hypothesis to explain the way language affects our cognition?

A

Whorfian hypothesis - linguistic relativity hypothesis, states that the perception of reality is determined by the content of language.
How different countries have different words for the same thing and leads to different perception of the world

82
Q

What is the difference between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

A

Broca’s area: controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex

Wernicke’s area: language comprehension

83
Q

What is the difference betweeen Broca’s Aphasia and Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Broca’s Aphasia: Reduced ability to speak but retaining speech comprehension

Wernicke’s Aphasia: Intact ability to speak but reduced ability to speak in comprehensive manner. patient speaks fluently but in a weird combinations of words, but he/she still understands what he/she is saying

84
Q

Arcruate Fasciculus

A

Connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area. Damage results in Conduction aphasia, marked by the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

85
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Inability to repeat words despite intact comprehension and ability to speak

Sociology (12 decks)

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