Social & Personal Relationships Flashcards
Shelton and Richeson (2006)
Proposes a relational approach to investigate interractial interactions as most interracial research has taken a more individualistic approach. The relational approach is important because individuals’ experiences in interracial interactions are often shaped by beliefs individuals have about one another and the beliefs about how they will be perceived.
Accounts for Meta-perceptions: individual’s beliefs about another person’s impressions of them. Blacks expect Whites to view Blacks negatively and to apply those stereotypes during interracial interactions
Taylor et al. (2000)
Tend-and-befriend theory - an alternative biobehavioral response to stress in females (compared to fight or flight response). Tending involves nurturant activities designed to protect the self and offspring that promote safety and reduce stress whereas befriending is the creation and maintenance of social networks that may aid in this process.
Has an oxytocin/estrogen link
Kenny, Mohr, and Levesque (2001)
Using the social relations model (Kenny, 1994) - Investigated the importance of actor and interaction partner as determinants of dyadic behavior. Ultimately found that the person is important in understanding behavior, their interaction partner has very little influence, and asserted that the effect attributable to the person and situation is unclear.
Leary (2010)
Handbook chapter on affiliation, acceptance, and belonging. Discusses the importance of people simply wanting to belong! Highlights how negative physical and psychological outcomes are tied to rejection/low levels of social connection. Also outlines how people who are rejected often engage in aggression, or are lonely/depressed.
Peplau and Fingerhut (2007)
Reviews the literature on the close relationships of lesbians and gay men. Discusses relationship formation, division of household labor, power satisfaction, sexuality, conflict, commitment, and relationship stability. Gay couples are a lot more similar to heteresexual relationships with the exception of monogamy, sexual frequency, etc.
Gable, Reis, Impett, and Asher (2004)
Conducted 4 studies examining consequences of capitalization attempts which refers to the “sharing of good news.” Sharing positive events is associated with positive affect, wellbeing, and greater life satisfaction especially if you share the good news with more people–“The wider the net of sharing, the greater the benefits reaped”
Active-constructive capitalization responses yield the best outcomes in terms of relationship wellbeing and intimacy.
Laurenceau and Bolger (2005)
Outlines benefits of using diary methods to study marital and family processes most of which provide the researcher with more information about the contextual factors at play and enable investigators to determine whether phenomena found in the lab, also exist in natural settings. Other benefits include enabling researchers to get a closer look at micro level processes
3 types of diary designs - Interval-contingent recording (Ps record at predetermined intervals of times), signal-contingent (Ps record when contacted), event-contingent (Ps record whenever a particular event occurs)
Aron, Aron, Tudor, and Nelson (1991)
Frames close relationships as the extent to including other in the self. Examines the cognitive significance of behavioral interdependence - Closeness as a resource allocation strategy; Closeness from an actor/observer perspective - a sense of we-ness; Closeness as vicariously sharing other’s characteristics
Clark and Lemay (2010)
Handbook chapter on close relationship research. Defines close relationships as those that are characterized by giving and receiving responsiveness. Responsiveness is defined as thoughts, feelings, and especially behaviors geared towards promoting the partners welfare through understanding, validating, and caring for that partner
Collins and Feeney (2000)
Used an attachment theoretical framework to investigate support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. When support seekers rated their problem as more stressful, they engaged in more direct support seeking behavior which led to their partners responding with more helpful forms of caregiving. Responsive caregiving led support seekers to feel cared for and experienced an increased mood. Direct support seeking and supportive caregiving equals happier relationships and better health for those involved. Also indicates how insecure attachment styles may lead to undesirable bx in terms of support seeking & caregiving which contribute to deleterious relationship outcomes.
Karney and Bradbury (1995)
evaluated literature on the quality and stability of marriages over time. integrates prior theory and research and provides Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation model of marriage - Vulnerabilities are the backgrounds and traits that spouses bring to the marriage such as childhood, attitudes, personalities, education, race. The model holds that married couples must adapt to a variety of stressful events and circumstances that they encounter over the course of their lives. The capacity of a couple to adapt depends on the degree of stress they experience and the enduring vulnerabilities that each spouse brings to the marriage. Couples’ accumulated experiences with adaptive processes gradually influence their perceptions of their marital quality, which ultimately contribute to the stability of the marriage.
Kenny and Cook (1999)
Covers the concept of partner effects in relationship research which occurs when one person is affected by the behavior or characteristics of their partner. Show that partner effects can be used to validate the presence of a relationship and can elaborate the particular nature of that relationship. Demonstrates how partner effects serve as an indication of interdependence in a close relationship.
Murray, Holmes, and Griffin (1996)
Investigated the benefits of positive illusions when viewing romantic partners. Asserts that satisfaction is associated with idealistic, rather than realistic perceptions of one’s partner. Individuals’ impressions of their partners were more a mirror of their self-images and ideals than a reflection of their partners’ self-reported attributes. Individuals generally saw their partners more positively than their partners saw themselves. Takes the benefits of positive illusion (Taylor & Brown, 1988) and extends the benefits to relationships.
Reis and Shaver (1988)
Interpersonal Process Model explains intimacy in close relationship. The process begins when one person expresses personally revealing feelings or information to another. It continues when the listener responds supportively and empathetically. For an interaction to become intimate, the discloser must feel understood, validated, and cared for. The intimacy process captures the interplay that occurs between partners in terms of individual’s motives, needs, goals & fears. Intimacy = feeling understood, validated, and cared for
Aron and Aron (1986)
Self-Expansion Model - as people grow closer, they start to experience a cognitive overlapping of their self-concepts. people are motivated to enter and maintain close relationships to expand the self by three aspects: resources, perspectives, and characteristics
